Memory: Introduction and Key Components
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Questions and Answers

What are the 3 key components of memory?

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

What does the Levels of Processing Theory illustrate?

Deeper levels result in longer-lasting memory codes and better recall.

What type of memory can last about 20 seconds?

  • Long-Term Memory
  • Working Memory
  • Sensory Memory
  • Short-Term Memory (correct)
  • Clive Wearing was able to form sensory memories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capacity of Short-Term Memory according to Miller's Law?

    <p>7±2 units of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of memory is considered the most influential?

    <p>Multi-Store Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for forgetting information?

    <p>Decay, interference, or retrieval failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'flashbulb memory' refer to?

    <p>Detailed and vivid memories of significant events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory: Introduction

    • Memory is the ability to store and recall information.
    • Memory failure is commonly experienced, for example forgetting a neighbor’s name, forgetting to tell a friend about a book to get for college, forgetting to pick up a brother after school, or forgetting to pay a friend for a loan.

    Clive Wearing

    • Clive Wearing, a famous example of memory loss, suffered from a compromised ability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia).

    Key Components of Memory

    • There are three crucial parts:
      • Encoding: How gets information into memory
      • Storage: How information is maintained in memory
      • Retrieval: How information is accessed from memory

    Encoding

    • Attention is critical to encoding.
    • Divided attention hinders memory.
    • Encoding can be categorized by levels of processing:
      • Shallow: focusing on the physical appearance of information (e.g., the shape of a word).
      • Intermediate: focusing on the sound of information (e.g., the sound of a word).
      • Deep: focusing on the meaning of information (e.g., understanding the concept behind a word).
    • Deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes.

    Storage

    • Computer metaphors influenced models of memory storage, particularly the information processing models.
    • The multi-store model by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1970s) is a widely accepted theory.
    • It proposes three distinct stores:
      • Sensory Memory: brief preservation of auditory, tactile, or visual information, lasting only milliseconds or seconds.
      • Short-Term Memory (STM): has limited capacity, holding around 7 ± 2 units of information (Miller’s Law), and a limited duration of about 20 seconds, unless rehearsed.
      • Long-Term Memory (LTM): holds information indefinitely and has unlimited capacity, with debate regarding if it’s truly permanent due to potential decay, interference, and retrieval failure.

    Short-Term Memory as Working Memory

    • Working memory, proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974), is a more dynamic concept than STM, involving not just rehearsal but also manipulation of information.

    Long-Term Memory

    • Long-term memory is further organized into logical systems such as declarative and procedural memory.

    Clive Wearing and Memory Components

    • Encoding: Clive Wearing’s encoding process was severely affected, resulting in his inability to form new memories.
    • Working Memory: Clive Wearing’s working memory appears to have remained intact.
    • Sensory Memory: It is unclear if Clive Wearing was able to form new sensory memories.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of memory, including how we store and recall information. You'll learn about memory failures and the critical components of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. This quiz also features an example of memory loss, highlighting the case of Clive Wearing.

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