Memory & Forgetting Lecture 8 Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which term best describes the process of remembering by combining elements of experience with existing knowledge?

Reconstructive Memory

What did Bartlett's 'War of the Ghosts' study reveal about people's reproductions of the foreign story?

Many errors in people’s reproductions tended to fit Western schemas

What is the main characteristic of reproductive memory?

Highly accurate, verbatim recording of an event

What is a schema in the context of memory?

A stored framework or body of knowledge about some topic Signup and view all the answers

According to Schacter’s Seven Sins of Memory, which type of memory involves progressive changes in what subjects remembered about a story?

Reconstructive Memory Signup and view all the answers

Repression is NOT equivalent to:

recovered memories Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of George Franklin's conviction based on a recovered memory?

It was overturned in 1995 Signup and view all the answers

What did Melody Gavigan conclude about the memories of her father molesting her as an infant?

They were false Signup and view all the answers

What is more common in individuals who experienced abuse prior to adolescence?

Amnesia Signup and view all the answers

What did Spanos et al. (1991) and Loftus & Coan (1993) provide empirical evidence for?

'Creation of false memories' Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory test held up nicely through the years in Bahrick's study?

Recognition Signup and view all the answers

According to Neisser (1978), what aspect of memory have psychologists hardly ever studied?

Socially significant aspects of memory Signup and view all the answers

What are 'flashbulb' memories characterized by?

Extremely accurate and detailed recollection Signup and view all the answers

What did Mook (1983) suggest about external validity?

It is often overrated, especially in theory testing experiments. Signup and view all the answers

What do most cognitive psychologists question regarding recovered memories?

'Validity of recovered memories' Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe large-scale semantic and episodic knowledge structures that guide our interpretation and comprehension of daily experiences?

Scripts Signup and view all the answers

What did Loftus and Palmer's (1974) studies reveal the impact of?

Leading questions on memory estimates Signup and view all the answers

What is the inability to distinguish whether the original event or some later event was the source of the information called?

Source misattribution Signup and view all the answers

What did Bartlett's research, using the War of the Ghosts story, explore?

Subject alterations in memory Signup and view all the answers

What do large-scale semantic and episodic knowledge structures that guide our interpretation and comprehension of daily experiences refer to?

Scripts Signup and view all the answers

What kind of memories are recovered memories of abuse?

Memories of alleged past traumas that have been repressed and later recalled. Signup and view all the answers

What type of representations can accurately reflect the meaning of a sentence and represent complex connections?

Propositional representations Signup and view all the answers

What did Bransford and Johnson's (1972) semantic integration research involve?

Subjects reading simple sentences and later recalling complex sentences capturing the meaning. Signup and view all the answers

What do people try to do when encountering new information, according to reconstructive effects?

Relate it to existing schemas or alter it to make it fit. Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory distortions can affect how accurately we recall information?

Leading questions, misinformation acceptance, source misattribution, overconfidence in memory. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of reconstructive memory?

Remembering by combining elements of experience with existing knowledge Signup and view all the answers

In Bartlett's 'War of the Ghosts' study, what did the 'errors' in people's reproductions tend to fit?

Western schemas Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between reproductive and reconstructive memory?

Reproductive memory is a verbatim recording, while reconstructive memory involves combining elements of experience with existing knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What did Bartlett's study on 'War of the Ghosts' reveal about memories of foreign stories?

'Errors' in reproductions tend to fit Western schemas Signup and view all the answers

'The War of the Ghosts' study by Bartlett demonstrated that:

Memories are reconstructed rather than veridical Signup and view all the answers

What does Schacter's 'Seven Sins of Memory' refer to?

Common ways in which human memory fails Signup and view all the answers

What is a schema in the context of memory?

A stored framework or body of knowledge about some topic Signup and view all the answers

According to Bartlett's study, what are memories based on?

Combining elements of experience with existing knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory involves errors in people’s reproductions that tend to fit Western schemas?

Reconstructive Memory Signup and view all the answers

'The normal, everyday operation of long term memory involves the continual, coordinated, cooperative processes of interaction between which two memory systems?

Semantic and Episodic Memory Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bartlett's research, using the War of the Ghosts story, explored the idea of subject alterations in memory.
Reconstructive Effects: When encountering new information, people try to relate it to existing schemas, or alter the information to make it fit.
Experiment by Sulin and Dooling (1974): Subjects read stories about Gerald Martin or Adolf Hitler/Carol Harris or Helen Keller, their "memory" of the stories influenced by their knowledge of the real figures.
Bransford and Johnson's (1972) semantic integration research: Subjects read simple sentences and later recalled complex sentences that captured the meaning of the original simple sentences.
Propositions: A set of semantic nodes connected by labeled pathways, representing the meaning of a sentence.
Propositional versus Network Representations: Propositional theories can accurately reflect the meaning of a sentence and represent complex connections.
Studies by Anderson (1985), Kintsch and Bates (1977), Gernsbacher (1985), and Ratcliff and McKoon (1978) provide evidence for the validity of propositional theories.
Scripts: Large-scale semantic and episodic knowledge structures that guide our interpretation and comprehension of daily experiences.
Script Theory by Schank and Abelson (1977): Scripts consist of phrases or words that activate a specific set of details or frames.
Memory distortions, such as leading questions, misinformation acceptance, source misattribution, and overconfidence in memory, can affect how accurately we recall information.
Loftus and Palmer's (1974) studies revealed the impact of leading questions on memory estimates and how they can cause memory distortions.
The inability to distinguish whether the original event or some later event was the source of the information is called source misattribution.
Recovered memories of abuse are memories of alleged past traumas that have been repressed and later recalled.

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Memory & Forgetting Lecture 8 Overview Quiz

Questions and Answers

Which term best describes the process of remembering by combining elements of experience with existing knowledge?

What did Bartlett's 'War of the Ghosts' study reveal about people's reproductions of the foreign story?

What is the main characteristic of reproductive memory?

What is a schema in the context of memory?

According to Schacter’s Seven Sins of Memory, which type of memory involves progressive changes in what subjects remembered about a story?

Repression is NOT equivalent to:

What was the outcome of George Franklin's conviction based on a recovered memory?

What did Melody Gavigan conclude about the memories of her father molesting her as an infant?

What is more common in individuals who experienced abuse prior to adolescence?

What did Spanos et al. (1991) and Loftus & Coan (1993) provide empirical evidence for?

What type of memory test held up nicely through the years in Bahrick's study?

According to Neisser (1978), what aspect of memory have psychologists hardly ever studied?

What are 'flashbulb' memories characterized by?

What did Mook (1983) suggest about external validity?

What do most cognitive psychologists question regarding recovered memories?

What is the term used to describe large-scale semantic and episodic knowledge structures that guide our interpretation and comprehension of daily experiences?

What did Loftus and Palmer's (1974) studies reveal the impact of?

What is the inability to distinguish whether the original event or some later event was the source of the information called?

What did Bartlett's research, using the War of the Ghosts story, explore?

What do large-scale semantic and episodic knowledge structures that guide our interpretation and comprehension of daily experiences refer to?

What kind of memories are recovered memories of abuse?

What type of representations can accurately reflect the meaning of a sentence and represent complex connections?

What did Bransford and Johnson's (1972) semantic integration research involve?

What do people try to do when encountering new information, according to reconstructive effects?

What type of memory distortions can affect how accurately we recall information?

What is the main characteristic of reconstructive memory?

In Bartlett's 'War of the Ghosts' study, what did the 'errors' in people's reproductions tend to fit?

What is the difference between reproductive and reconstructive memory?

What did Bartlett's study on 'War of the Ghosts' reveal about memories of foreign stories?

'The War of the Ghosts' study by Bartlett demonstrated that:

What does Schacter's 'Seven Sins of Memory' refer to?

What is a schema in the context of memory?

According to Bartlett's study, what are memories based on?

What type of memory involves errors in people’s reproductions that tend to fit Western schemas?

'The normal, everyday operation of long term memory involves the continual, coordinated, cooperative processes of interaction between which two memory systems?

Study Notes

Studying That Suits You

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