Memory Flashcards Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the persistence of learning over time that involves encoding, storage, and retrieval of information?

Long-term Memory
Sensory Memory
Memory (correct)
Flashbulb Memory

What is flashbulb memory?

Clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

What is encoding in the context of memory?

The processing of information into the memory system.

What does storage refer to in memory processes?

The retention of encoded information over time. Signup and view all the answers

Define retrieval as it pertains to memory.

The process of getting information out of memory storage. Signup and view all the answers

What is sensory memory?

Immediate, initial recording of sensory information. Signup and view all the answers

How is short-term memory (STM) defined?

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly. Signup and view all the answers

What is long-term memory (LTM)?

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Signup and view all the answers

What is automatic processing in memory?

Unconscious encoding of incidental information. Signup and view all the answers

What does effortful processing involve?

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Signup and view all the answers

What is rehearsal in memory?

The conscious repetition of information. Signup and view all the answers

Define the next-in-line effect.

Tendency to forget what was said by the person immediately before you. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Hermann Ebbinghaus?

Early memory researcher who conducted systematic tests on recall. Signup and view all the answers

What is the spacing effect?

Tendency for distributed practice to yield better long-term retention. Signup and view all the answers

What is the serial position effect?

Our tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list. Signup and view all the answers

Explain primacy effects.

Better recall of information presented at the beginning of a list. Signup and view all the answers

What are recency effects?

Advantage in recall of information just recently presented. Signup and view all the answers

Define the Von Restorff effect.

Tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is visual encoding?

Encoding of picture images. Signup and view all the answers

What does acoustic encoding refer to?

The encoding of sound, especially words. Signup and view all the answers

What is semantic encoding?

Encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. Signup and view all the answers

Define imagery in the context of memory.

Mental pictures that aid in effortful processing. Signup and view all the answers

What are mnemonics?

Memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. Signup and view all the answers

What are loci in memory techniques?

Type of mnemonic that uses layout of familiar locations. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the peg-word system.

Mnemonic device used to recall items by rhyming and visualization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the levels of processing model?

Model suggesting better retention with more cognitive effort. Signup and view all the answers

What is the self-reference effect?

Phenomenon of better recall for personally relevant information. Signup and view all the answers

Define chunking in memory.

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Signup and view all the answers

What is echoic memory?

Momentary sensory memory of auditory information. Signup and view all the answers

Define iconic memory.

Momentary sensory memory of visual images. Signup and view all the answers

Who is George Miller?

Author of 'The Magical Number 7 +/- 2' regarding short term memory capacity. Signup and view all the answers

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

Increase in a synapse's firing potential after rapid stimulation. Signup and view all the answers

What does amnesia refer to?

Loss of memory. Signup and view all the answers

Define anterograde amnesia.

Inability to form new memories, often from hippocampal damage. Signup and view all the answers

What is retrograde amnesia?

Memory loss for events that occurred prior to an injury. Signup and view all the answers

Explain implicit memory.

Retention independent of conscious recollection. Signup and view all the answers

What is explicit memory?

Memory of facts and experiences that can be consciously known. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hippocampus play in memory?

Helps process explicit memories for storage. Signup and view all the answers

Define recall in memory assessment.

Retrieving information learned earlier without cues. Signup and view all the answers

What is recognition in memory?

Identifying items previously learned, like in multiple-choice tests. Signup and view all the answers

What does relearning measure?

The time saved when learning material for a second time. Signup and view all the answers

Define priming in memory.

Activation of particular associations in memory. Signup and view all the answers

What is mood-congruent memory?

Tendency to recall experiences consistent with one's mood. Signup and view all the answers

Explain state-dependent memory.

Better recall when in a similar state of consciousness as when learning. Signup and view all the answers

What is proactive interference?

Disruption of new information recall by prior learning. Signup and view all the answers

Define retroactive interference.

Disruption of old information recall by new learning. Signup and view all the answers

What does repression mean in psychology?

Unconsciously suppressing memories of anxiety-arousing events. Signup and view all the answers

What is the misinformation effect?

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Elizabeth Loftus?

Psychologist known for research on memory construction and false memories. Signup and view all the answers

Define source amnesia.

Attributing an event to the wrong source. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Forgetting Curve?

Pattern of storage decay described by Ebbinghaus. Signup and view all the answers

What does elaborative rehearsal involve?

Thinking about how new information relates to previously stored information. Signup and view all the answers

Define prospective memory.

Remembering to do things in the future. Signup and view all the answers

What is metacognition?

'Thinking about thinking' or evaluating cognitive tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What is procedural memory?

Implicit long-term memory of how to perform different actions. Signup and view all the answers

Define deep processing.

Encoding through meaningful interaction with content. Signup and view all the answers

What is shallow processing?

Encoding on a basic level, based on structure or appearance of words. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory Concepts

Memory is the persistence of learning over time, involving encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
Flashbulb memory refers to clear memories of emotionally significant moments.

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

Encoding is processing information into memory by extracting its meaning.
Storage is the retention of encoded information over time.
Retrieval is the process of accessing information from memory storage.

Types of Memory

Sensory memory captures immediate sensory information; lasts briefly.
Short-term memory (STM) holds a few items (typically 7) for a short duration.
Long-term memory (LTM) is a permanent and vast storage space for information.

Types of Processing

Automatic processing involves unconscious encoding of incidental information (e.g. daily routines).
Effortful processing requires conscious attention and effort (e.g. studying vocabulary).
Rehearsal is the conscious repetition of information to maintain or encode it for storage.

Memory Effects

Next-in-line effect causes forgetting the preceding person's contributions during conversations.
Spacing effect favors distributed practice for better long-term retention over cramming.
Serial position effect indicates better recall of items presented at the beginning and end of a list.

Encoding Techniques

Visual encoding pertains to picturing images for better memory.
Acoustic encoding focuses on sounds, especially words.
Semantic encoding involves understanding the meaning of information.

Mnemonics and Memory Aids

Imagery supports effortful processing and enhances recall.
Mnemonics are memory aids utilizing vivid imagery and organizational techniques.
Loci and peg-word systems are mnemonic devices that help organize and remember information.

Ebbinghaus's Contributions

Hermann Ebbinghaus studied memory using nonsense syllables and highlighted concepts like the Forgetting Curve.
Forgetting Curve shows rapid information loss initially, stabilizing over time.

Memory Types

Implicit memory is retention without conscious recollection, including procedural memory.
Explicit memory involves knowledge that can be declared or consciously remembered.

Types of Amnesia

Anterograde amnesia prevents forming new memories post-injury.
Retrograde amnesia involves memory loss for past events.

Memory Retrieval Techniques

Recall is retrieving information without cues, while recognition involves identifying learned items.
Relearning measures how quickly information can be re-acquired.

Effects on Memory

Priming is activating associations unconsciously to aid memory retrieval.
Mood-congruent memory favors recalling experiences aligned with current emotions.
State-dependent memory suggests better recall in the context where the information was learned.

Memory Interference

Proactive interference is when old information disrupts new learning.
Retroactive interference occurs when new information hampers retrieval of old information.

Misinformation and False Memories

Misinformation effect integrates misleading information into memory.
Source amnesia involves misattributing the origin of an event, contributing to false memories.

Researchers and Theories

Elizabeth Loftus is known for her studies on memory reliability and false memories.
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory.

Memory Strategies

Metacognition is self-awareness in evaluating and adjusting cognitive tasks.
Deep processing leads to better retention through meaningful engagement, while shallow processing relies on superficial characteristics.

Prospective Memory

Prospective memory is the ability to remember to perform tasks in the future.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key memory concepts with this quiz. Covering terms such as memory, encoding, and flashbulb memory, these flashcards will help reinforce your understanding of how information is processed and retained. Perfect for students looking to solidify their grasp on memory-related topics.