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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a secondary reinforcer?
What is the primary function of a secondary reinforcer?
- To reduce the time between the response and the reinforcing stimulus
- To directly elicit the response
- To replace the primary reinforcer in conditioning
- To strengthen the association between the stimulus and the response (correct)
In operant conditioning, what is the role of the reinforcing stimulus (S*)?
In operant conditioning, what is the role of the reinforcing stimulus (S*)?
- To reinforce the association between the stimulus and the response (correct)
- To elicit the response directly
- To replace the primary reinforcer
- To shorten the time between the response and the stimulus
What is the primary purpose of shaping in behavior modification?
What is the primary purpose of shaping in behavior modification?
- To directly elicit the desired response
- To gradually get to the desired response by reinforcing successive approximations (correct)
- To replace the primary reinforcer with a secondary reinforcer
- To shorten the time between the response and the reinforcing stimulus
What is the main function of a social reinforcer?
What is the main function of a social reinforcer?
What is the effect of a secondary reinforcer in conditioning?
What is the effect of a secondary reinforcer in conditioning?
What is the primary characteristic of a primary reinforcer?
What is the primary characteristic of a primary reinforcer?
What is the primary purpose of a reinforcing stimulus (S*) in operant conditioning?
What is the primary purpose of a reinforcing stimulus (S*) in operant conditioning?
What is the main function of a sensory reinforcer?
What is the main function of a sensory reinforcer?
According to reinforcement theory, what does an event do?
According to reinforcement theory, what does an event do?
Which theory suggests that learning can occur without immediate satisfaction?
Which theory suggests that learning can occur without immediate satisfaction?
What is the main element affecting behavior, according to the text?
What is the main element affecting behavior, according to the text?
Which reinforcement procedure involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of behavior reoccurrence?
Which reinforcement procedure involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of behavior reoccurrence?
What is the paradoxical reward effect?
What is the paradoxical reward effect?
According to the stop action principle, what is likely to occur in the future?
According to the stop action principle, what is likely to occur in the future?
What is the primary difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?
What is the primary difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?
What does Gurthie Cognitive theory suggest about S-S* associations?
What does Gurthie Cognitive theory suggest about S-S* associations?
What is the role of reinforcement in memory consolidation?
What is the role of reinforcement in memory consolidation?
What inhibits memory consolidation?
What inhibits memory consolidation?
What does the Huston passive avoidance task involving two groups fed at different times demonstrate?
What does the Huston passive avoidance task involving two groups fed at different times demonstrate?
What is the effect of electrical stimulation of the brain on memory retention?
What is the effect of electrical stimulation of the brain on memory retention?
What is the role of dopamine in mediating motivation and wanting?
What is the role of dopamine in mediating motivation and wanting?
What mechanism is involved in the delay of reinforcement according to Hull's theory?
What mechanism is involved in the delay of reinforcement according to Hull's theory?
What does discrimination training aim to achieve?
What does discrimination training aim to achieve?
What is the characteristic of fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement?
What is the characteristic of fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement?
What is the purpose of stimulus generalization training?
What is the purpose of stimulus generalization training?
What does the presence of proprioceptive conditioned reinforcers prevent?
What does the presence of proprioceptive conditioned reinforcers prevent?
What does the number of trials increase with, according to the text?
What does the number of trials increase with, according to the text?
What is the effect of aphagia lesions in VTA?
What is the effect of aphagia lesions in VTA?
Which reinforcement schedule is characterized by delivering reinforcement after the same amount of time has elapsed?
Which reinforcement schedule is characterized by delivering reinforcement after the same amount of time has elapsed?
What is the term for the phenomenon where non-reinforced trials produce frustration, which in turn has a reinforcing effect?
What is the term for the phenomenon where non-reinforced trials produce frustration, which in turn has a reinforcing effect?
What is the term for the process of decreasing assistance for a task?
What is the term for the process of decreasing assistance for a task?
Which term describes the removal of a stimulus that was used to promote and maintain behavior?
Which term describes the removal of a stimulus that was used to promote and maintain behavior?
What is the term for a reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is delivered after a different amount of time has elapsed?
What is the term for a reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is delivered after a different amount of time has elapsed?
Which reinforcement schedule requires the individual to increase the number of responses on each successive presentation of the reinforcer?
Which reinforcement schedule requires the individual to increase the number of responses on each successive presentation of the reinforcer?
What is the term for the process of using one schedule and then using another schedule as a conditioned reinforcer?
What is the term for the process of using one schedule and then using another schedule as a conditioned reinforcer?
Which term describes the phenomenon where removal of the reinforcer during extinction increases the responses exponentially to try and get back the reinforcer?
Which term describes the phenomenon where removal of the reinforcer during extinction increases the responses exponentially to try and get back the reinforcer?
What is the term for the process of extensive reinforcement leading to faster extinction?
What is the term for the process of extensive reinforcement leading to faster extinction?
Which term describes the use of points or tokens as secondary reinforcers to a variety of strong reinforcers?
Which term describes the use of points or tokens as secondary reinforcers to a variety of strong reinforcers?
What is the term for the phenomenon where access to a preferred behavior reinforces a less preferred behavior and punishes the preferred behavior?
What is the term for the phenomenon where access to a preferred behavior reinforces a less preferred behavior and punishes the preferred behavior?
Which term describes the process of using two reinforcements to generalize behavior to a larger group?
Which term describes the process of using two reinforcements to generalize behavior to a larger group?
What is the nature of negative reinforcement?
What is the nature of negative reinforcement?
In the avoidance paradox, what does the signaled avoidance task involve?
In the avoidance paradox, what does the signaled avoidance task involve?
What does the two-factor theory explain?
What does the two-factor theory explain?
What is the main factor that motivates avoidance behavior?
What is the main factor that motivates avoidance behavior?
What is the purpose of flooding in behavior modification?
What is the purpose of flooding in behavior modification?
What does positive punishment involve?
What does positive punishment involve?
According to the law of effect, how does the presentation of an aversive stimulus affect the S-R association?
According to the law of effect, how does the presentation of an aversive stimulus affect the S-R association?
What is a key factor for the effectiveness of positive punishment?
What is a key factor for the effectiveness of positive punishment?
What are the side effects of punishment, as mentioned in the text?
What are the side effects of punishment, as mentioned in the text?
What does learned helplessness result from?
What does learned helplessness result from?
What is a disadvantage of aversion therapy, as mentioned in the text?
What is a disadvantage of aversion therapy, as mentioned in the text?
What does cognitive behavioral therapy combine, as mentioned in the text?
What does cognitive behavioral therapy combine, as mentioned in the text?
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Study Notes
Reinforcement and Conditioning
- The primary function of a secondary reinforcer is to strengthen behavior through association with a primary reinforcer.
- The role of the reinforcing stimulus (S*) in operant conditioning is to increase the frequency of the preceding behavior.
Shaping and Reinforcement
- The primary purpose of shaping in behavior modification is to gradually build a new behavior through reinforcement.
- The main function of a social reinforcer is to strengthen social behavior through social interaction.
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
- The primary characteristic of a primary reinforcer is that it is a natural stimulus that satisfies a physiological need.
- The main function of a sensory reinforcer is to provide pleasure or satisfaction through sensory stimulation.
Reinforcement Theory and Procedures
- According to reinforcement theory, an event increases the frequency of the preceding behavior.
- The reinforcement procedure that involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of behavior reoccurrence is negative reinforcement.
- The paradoxical reward effect is when a reward has the opposite effect on behavior.
Behavior and Motivation
- The main element affecting behavior, according to the text, is reinforcement.
- The role of dopamine in mediating motivation and wanting is to regulate the motivation and pleasure associated with rewards.
Punishment and Avoidance
- The primary difference between positive punishment and negative punishment is the addition or removal of a stimulus.
- Positive punishment involves the presentation of an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior.
- The purpose of flooding in behavior modification is to extinguish an undesired behavior.
Memory and Learning
- The role of reinforcement in memory consolidation is to strengthen memory through reinforcement.
- Electrical stimulation of the brain enhances memory retention.
- The Huston passive avoidance task demonstrates the effect of motivation on memory retention.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement are characterized by delivering reinforcement after a fixed number of responses.
- Variable ratio schedules of reinforcement deliver reinforcement after a varying number of responses.
- The term for the process of using one schedule and then using another schedule as a conditioned reinforcer is a multiple schedule.
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