Unit 5-7 Notes

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a secondary reinforcer?

To reduce the time between the response and the reinforcing stimulus

To directly elicit the response

To replace the primary reinforcer in conditioning

To strengthen the association between the stimulus and the response (correct)

In operant conditioning, what is the role of the reinforcing stimulus (S*)?

To reinforce the association between the stimulus and the response (correct)

To elicit the response directly

To replace the primary reinforcer

To shorten the time between the response and the stimulus

What is the primary purpose of shaping in behavior modification?

To directly elicit the desired response

To gradually get to the desired response by reinforcing successive approximations (correct)

To replace the primary reinforcer with a secondary reinforcer

To shorten the time between the response and the reinforcing stimulus

What is the main function of a social reinforcer?

To strengthen the association between the stimulus and the response Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a secondary reinforcer in conditioning?

It strengthens the association between the stimulus and the response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a primary reinforcer?

It is a survival need Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a reinforcing stimulus (S*) in operant conditioning?

To strengthen the association between the stimulus and the response Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a sensory reinforcer?

To provide sensory pleasure Signup and view all the answers

According to reinforcement theory, what does an event do?

Enhances storage of information Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that learning can occur without immediate satisfaction?

Latent learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the main element affecting behavior, according to the text?

Drive reduction Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement procedure involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of behavior reoccurrence?

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the paradoxical reward effect?

Removal of the reinforcer during extinction increases the responses exponentially Signup and view all the answers

According to the stop action principle, what is likely to occur in the future?

Specific body position when a stimulus is delivered Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?

One involves the addition of an aversive stimulus, while the other involves its removal Signup and view all the answers

What does Gurthie Cognitive theory suggest about S-S* associations?

They motivate behavior in general Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reinforcement in memory consolidation?

Enhancing acquisition and storage of information Signup and view all the answers

What inhibits memory consolidation?

Learning other information Signup and view all the answers

What does the Huston passive avoidance task involving two groups fed at different times demonstrate?

Strengthened contingent relationship through immediate feeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of electrical stimulation of the brain on memory retention?

Enhances retention of appetitive and aversive tasks Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of dopamine in mediating motivation and wanting?

Mediates motivation and wanting, but not liking and emotion Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is involved in the delay of reinforcement according to Hull's theory?

rG and sG mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What does discrimination training aim to achieve?

Differential responding in the presence of two or more stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement?

Delivered after the same amount of responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of stimulus generalization training?

Responding in a similar way to one or more stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of proprioceptive conditioned reinforcers prevent?

Elearning if reinforcement is delayed Signup and view all the answers

What does the number of trials increase with, according to the text?

An increase in delay of reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aphagia lesions in VTA?

Demonstrates decreased amount of dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement schedule is characterized by delivering reinforcement after the same amount of time has elapsed?

Fixed interval Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where non-reinforced trials produce frustration, which in turn has a reinforcing effect?

Frustration reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of decreasing assistance for a task?

Fading Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the removal of a stimulus that was used to promote and maintain behavior?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is delivered after a different amount of time has elapsed?

Variable interval Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement schedule requires the individual to increase the number of responses on each successive presentation of the reinforcer?

Progressive ratio Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of using one schedule and then using another schedule as a conditioned reinforcer?

Second order schedule Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the phenomenon where removal of the reinforcer during extinction increases the responses exponentially to try and get back the reinforcer?

Paradoxical reward effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of extensive reinforcement leading to faster extinction?

Overlearning extinction effect Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the use of points or tokens as secondary reinforcers to a variety of strong reinforcers?

Token economy Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where access to a preferred behavior reinforces a less preferred behavior and punishes the preferred behavior?

The Premack principle Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process of using two reinforcements to generalize behavior to a larger group?

Contingency management Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of negative reinforcement?

Removal of an aversive stimulus Signup and view all the answers

In the avoidance paradox, what does the signaled avoidance task involve?

Moving back and forth to avoid an aversive stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What does the two-factor theory explain?

Why avoidance behavior continues without shock Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that motivates avoidance behavior?

Fear reduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of flooding in behavior modification?

To reduce fear through gradual exposure Signup and view all the answers

What does positive punishment involve?

Presentation of an aversive stimulus Signup and view all the answers

According to the law of effect, how does the presentation of an aversive stimulus affect the S-R association?

Weakens the association Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor for the effectiveness of positive punishment?

High intensity Signup and view all the answers

What are the side effects of punishment, as mentioned in the text?

Aggression Signup and view all the answers

What does learned helplessness result from?

Previous experience with inescapable shock Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of aversion therapy, as mentioned in the text?

Preparedness Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive behavioral therapy combine, as mentioned in the text?

Thoughts, feelings, and behavior Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reinforcement and Conditioning

The primary function of a secondary reinforcer is to strengthen behavior through association with a primary reinforcer.
The role of the reinforcing stimulus (S*) in operant conditioning is to increase the frequency of the preceding behavior.

Shaping and Reinforcement

The primary purpose of shaping in behavior modification is to gradually build a new behavior through reinforcement.
The main function of a social reinforcer is to strengthen social behavior through social interaction.

Primary and Secondary Reinforcers

The primary characteristic of a primary reinforcer is that it is a natural stimulus that satisfies a physiological need.
The main function of a sensory reinforcer is to provide pleasure or satisfaction through sensory stimulation.

Reinforcement Theory and Procedures

According to reinforcement theory, an event increases the frequency of the preceding behavior.
The reinforcement procedure that involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of behavior reoccurrence is negative reinforcement.
The paradoxical reward effect is when a reward has the opposite effect on behavior.

Behavior and Motivation

The main element affecting behavior, according to the text, is reinforcement.
The role of dopamine in mediating motivation and wanting is to regulate the motivation and pleasure associated with rewards.

Punishment and Avoidance

The primary difference between positive punishment and negative punishment is the addition or removal of a stimulus.
Positive punishment involves the presentation of an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior.
The purpose of flooding in behavior modification is to extinguish an undesired behavior.

Memory and Learning

The role of reinforcement in memory consolidation is to strengthen memory through reinforcement.
Electrical stimulation of the brain enhances memory retention.
The Huston passive avoidance task demonstrates the effect of motivation on memory retention.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement are characterized by delivering reinforcement after a fixed number of responses.
Variable ratio schedules of reinforcement deliver reinforcement after a varying number of responses.
The term for the process of using one schedule and then using another schedule as a conditioned reinforcer is a multiple schedule.

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Test your knowledge of memory consolidation and its enhancement with this quiz. Explore the impact of reinforcers, time-dependent processes, and emotional events on memory acquisition and storage. Delve into how memory consolidation can be inhibited by certain factors and facilitated by others.