Memory Concepts in Psychology

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Questions and Answers

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

The Long Kiss Goodnight

50 First Dates (correct)

The Bourne Identity

Memento

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, displays behavior indicating which type of memory?

Intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following?

Form Signup and view all the answers

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being?

The same as or resembling the priming stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Semantic memory is to as episodic memory is to .

knowing; remembering Signup and view all the answers

Wickens et al.'s experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the 'fruit' group because?

The stimulus category remained the same. Signup and view all the answers

Ming is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had?

Attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend. Signup and view all the answers

Lamar's experience at the company party demonstrates?

A build-up and release of proactive interference. Signup and view all the answers

'I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball.' This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

Semantic memory Signup and view all the answers

_ memories are to experiences as _ memories are to facts.

Episodic; semantic Signup and view all the answers

The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________.

future Signup and view all the answers

The primacy effect is attributed to?

Recall of information stored in long-term memory. Signup and view all the answers

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds?

Decreases the recency effect. Signup and view all the answers

Explicit memory is to _ as implicit memory is to _.

aware; unaware Signup and view all the answers

This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test.

recognition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M.?

Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus. Signup and view all the answers

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

Implicit Signup and view all the answers

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.

the hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.

facts Signup and view all the answers

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true?

Simply because we have been exposed to them before. Signup and view all the answers

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories.

skill Signup and view all the answers

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is?

semantic. Signup and view all the answers

The following statement represents what kind of memory? 'The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s.'

Semantic. Signup and view all the answers

Murdoch's 'remembering a list' experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.

both the first and last words. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Knowing how an automobile engine works. Signup and view all the answers

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably?

Are caused by different mechanisms that act independently. Signup and view all the answers

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. What has it demonstrated?

Short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning and Implicit Memory

Classical conditioning requires learning associations unconsciously, aligning it with implicit memory.
Implicit memory tasks often involve motor skills, similar to procedural memory.

Movies Portraying Memory Problems

"50 First Dates" is noted for being the least accurate representation of memory issues compared to "Memento" and "The Bourne Identity."

K.C. and Memory Function

K.C.'s injury resulted in intact semantic memory (facts) but defective episodic memory (personal experiences), demonstrating how different memory types can be affected.

Memory Coding

The coding of a stimulus into memory refers specifically to its form, which involves how information is represented.

Repetition Priming

Memory enhancement through repetition priming occurs when the test stimulus resembles the priming stimulus, emphasizing the importance of prior exposure.

Semantic vs. Episodic Memory

Semantic memory involves knowing (understanding facts), while episodic memory pertains to remembering (recalling personal experiences).

Proactive Interference in Memory Studies

Wickens et al.'s study revealed that proactive interference remained when the stimulus category did not change, impacting memory recall.

Contextual Recall

Attending a concert provides a stronger memory cue for recalling the singer's name compared to reading or seeing them on TV.

Memory Retention Strategies

Lamar’s experience of retaining names from the first group reflects a build-up and release of proactive interference, highlighting difficulties in remembering new information after prior exposures.

Types of Memories

The statement about the excitement of a sports win exemplifies episodic memory, reflecting personal experience and emotional response.

Implicit and Explicit Memory

Semantic memory is categorized as an explicit memory, while classical conditioning and procedural skills represent implicit memory.

Relationship Between Memory Types

Episodic memories relate to personal experiences, while semantic memories connect to factual knowledge.

Constructive Episodic Stimulation Hypothesis

This hypothesis suggests that our memories are often linked to future experiences, indicating the adaptive nature of memory.

Primacy Effect

The primacy effect is attributed to recalling information stored in long-term memory, emphasizing the significance of initial items in a list.

Serial Position Curve Findings

Delaying a memory test for 30 seconds predominantly decreases the recency effect, indicating a distinction between short-term and long-term memory recall.

Aware vs. Unaware Memory

Explicit memory is conscious (aware), whereas implicit memory operates without conscious awareness.

Types of Memory Tests

A multiple-choice question exemplifies a recognition test, as it involves identifying previously learned information.

H.M. Case Conclusions

H.M.’s findings demonstrate that long-term memories are notably affected by damage to the hippocampus, proving its critical role in forming new memories.

Memory Types Awareness

Implicit memories remain inaccessible to conscious awareness, distinguishing them from explicit memories.

Role of the Hippocampus

The critical function of the hippocampus for long-term memory formation is underscored by the case of patient H.M.

Aging and Memory

With age, individuals often retain factual memories over episodic details, indicating a shift in memory focus.

Propaganda Effect

Familiar statements are often perceived as true simply due to prior exposure, illustrating an effect of repetition on belief formation.

Procedural Memories

Procedural memories, also known as skill memories, relate to performing tasks and actions without conscious thought.

Coding in Long-Term Memory

Semantic coding predominates in long-term memory, emphasizing the importance of meaning and understanding in memory retention.

Serial Position Curve in Memory Research

Memory retention is typically strongest for both the initial and final items in a list, illustrating the serial position effect.

Examples of Procedural Memory

Reading a sentence in a book relies on procedural memory, showcasing how knowledge of skills transfers to tasks.

Mechanisms of Memory Systems

Neuropsychological evidence suggests that short-term and long-term memories operate via independent mechanisms.

H.M.’s Memory System Demonstration

H.M.'s case reinforces that short-term memory can remain intact even when long-term memory fails, illustrating a distinct separation in memory functionality.

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Description

Explore the fascinating aspects of memory, including classical conditioning, implicit memory, and the distinctions between semantic and episodic memory. Additionally, examine how memory is portrayed in films and the implications of memory function illustrated by cases like K.C. Understand how repetition priming influences memory enhancement.