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Memory Class X.Liu PSYC5130 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of memory is impaired based on the text provided?

Declarative memory

What does the hippocampus represent according to the text?

Episodes

Where is storage of recent memory primarily located based on the text?

Hippocampus

What does mPFC represent according to the text?

<p>Schema</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain encodes long-term memories through synaptic changes?

<p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does activation in memory correspond to?

<p>'Remembering' what you were just seeing or thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the PM Network represent according to the text?

<p>'Context'</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is long-term memory encoding distinguished from activation in memory based on the text?

<p>'Long-term memories last even after firing stops'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved?

<p>Registration, Retention, Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory includes habits, skills, and behaviors that are unavailable to the conscious mind?

<p>Non-declarative memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for memory loss that occurs following trauma?

<p>Anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

In declarative memory, what type of information is available to the conscious mind?

<p>Material encoded in symbols and language</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components of memory according to the text?

<p>Registration, Retention, Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is characterized by information that guides ongoing behavior?

<p>Transient memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for memory loss that occurs before trauma?

<p>Retrograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

'H.M.' mentioned in the text was concerned about which type of memory issue?

<p>'Anterograde amnesia'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific lesion did H.M. have following his operation?

<p>Bilateral removal of the anterior 2/3 of the hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What similarity did R.B., another amnesic patient, share with H.M.?

<p>Both lost their memory after an episode during heart bypass surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was discovered upon careful analysis of R.B.'s brain after death?

<p>The MTL appeared intact but specific lesions were present in each hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What memory abilities were retained by the amnesic patients discussed?

<p>Procedural task learning abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain was bilaterally removed from H.M.?

<p>Anterior 2/3 of the hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia was observed in both H.M. and R.B.?

<p>Dense anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What memory function seemed to be unaffected in both H.M. and R.B.?

<p>Procedural task learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Their Memories Are Not Equally Affected' implies that:

<p>'Their Memories Are Equally Affected'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of brain activity is associated with rest?

<p>Beta activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is fine-tuned according to the text?

<p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning rate is required for accurately estimating the probability of an event?

<p>Slow learning rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a sleep study, what does EEG stand for?

<p>Electroencephalogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the dark blue shading in the sleep stages figure?

<p>REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which basic pattern of activity is associated with alertness?

<p>Delta activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does REM stand for in the context of sleep stages?

<p>Rapid Eye Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of learning system involves episodic and semantic memory according to the text?

<p>Complementary Learning System</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hippocampus in the context of rapid learning of new episodic memories?

<p>Facilitating pattern separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the process by which overlapping or similar inputs are transformed into less similar representations in the hippocampus?

<p>Pattern Separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is pattern completion facilitated in the hippocampus during recall?

<p>Reactivating old memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the hippocampus is responsible for pattern completion through recurrent connections among CA3 neurons?

<p>Cornu Ammonis (Ammon's Horn)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of memory retrieval, what does the term 'pattern separation' represent?

<p>Transforming similar inputs into less similar representations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between pattern separation and pattern completion in terms of handling retrieval cues?

<p>Encoding new patterns vs. reactivating old memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CA3 neurons during recall in the context of pattern completion?

<p>Reactivating reminders</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process in the hippocampus involves treating retrieval cues as novel stimuli and encoding new patterns instead of recalling old memories?

<p>Trade-off Process</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory and Amnesia

  • A relationship can exist between two people even if one of them doesn't recognize the other, as observed in the case of H.M., who had a bilateral removal of a 8 cm length of the Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) at the age of 27, resulting in anterograde amnesia.

H.M.'s Condition

  • H.M. had a surgical removal of the MTL, including the cortex, amygdala, and the anterior 2/3 of the hippocampus, leading to dense anterograde amnesia.

  • Despite his condition, H.M. retained the ability to learn procedural tasks.

R.B.'s Condition

  • R.B. was another amnesic patient who lost his memory after a heart bypass surgery episode, resulting in dense anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia for 1-2 years prior to the surgery.
  • Upon his death, an examination of his brain revealed lesions in the MTL, specifically within the hippocampus.

Hippocampus

  • The hippocampus plays a critical role in the rapid learning of new episodic memories.
  • Pattern separation, facilitated by the hippocampus, transforms overlapping or similar inputs into less similar representations.

Types of Memory

  • Transient memory (seconds to minutes): capacity-limited, guides ongoing behavior.
  • Long-term memory: two types - declarative (explicit) and non-declarative (implicit).
  • Declarative memory: storage and retrieval of material available to the conscious mind, can be encoded in symbols and language.
  • Non-declarative memory: skills and associations unavailable to the conscious mind, includes habits, skills, and behaviors.

Neuropsychology of Amnesia

  • Amnesia can manifest in two ways: retrograde (prior to trauma) and anterograde (following trauma).

Memory Consolidation

  • Memory consolidation is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

Neural Forms of Memory

  • Two neural forms of memory: activation (neurons continue to fire action potentials) and synaptic changes (strengthening of synapses).

Catastrophic Interference

  • Catastrophic interference occurs when new learning interferes with existing memories.

Hippocampal System

  • The hippocampal system plays a critical role in the rapid learning of new episodic memories.
  • Pattern separation and completion are key functions of the hippocampus.

Sleep and Memory

  • Sleep is important for memory consolidation.
  • Stages of sleep, including REM and non-REM sleep, play a role in memory processing.

Levels of Analysis in Neuroscience

  • The study of neuroscience involves multiple levels of analysis, including molecules, cells, systems, cognition, and behavior.

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