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A 60-year old was interviewed about their experience growing up in Australia. It was found that their memory of events between the ages of 20 and 30 were very good, particularly for important events, for example going to university, getting married and having children. This observation fits with the:
Which of the below is an example of a source misattribution error?
People often have trouble recognising or recalling details of simple objects such as coins. Why might that be?
Flashbulb memories are different to everyday memories because they are:
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A participant is asked to read the following list of words: paddle, crawl, dive, float, wade, submerge, stroke, freestyle. Afterwards, the patient was asked to write down as many words as they could remember from the list. Based on what we know about how knowledge affects, memory, you might expect the participant to mistakenly recall that they had read the word:
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What does research suggest about the nature of memory in everyday life?
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What is the primary focus of the lecture series topic on 'Everyday Memory'?
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What was the main finding of Hyman Jr et al. (1995) regarding false memories?
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In the study by Wade et al. (2002), what method was used to introduce false memories?
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What percentage of participants in Wade et al.'s study later remembered the fake balloon ride after being prompted?
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Why could participants not initially recall the fake events in Wade et al.'s study?
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What cognitive phenomenon does the research primarily investigate?
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What role did family photographs play in Wade et al.'s experiment?
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What does the research suggest about the reliability of eyewitness testimony?
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What cognitive process may lead participants to believe they experienced a fake event?
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What effect does music have on autobiographical memory recall compared to photographs of faces?
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According to the peak-end rule, how do participants typically report their memories of painful experiences?
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What was a key finding from Kahneman et al.'s study involving participants and ice buckets?
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What aspect of memory does the research by Redelmeier & Kahneman focus on during medical procedures?
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In memory studies, how does the use of odour compare to coloured photographs in evoking emotional memories?
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Which part of a painful experience do people remember most vividly according to the peak-end rule?
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What primary internal factor affects the recall of painful experiences during medical treatment?
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How do participants with Alzheimer’s respond to music in terms of their memories?
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What was the primary purpose of the study conducted by Loftus et al. (1978)?
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What was the specific term used to describe misleading information in Loftus et al.'s car crash study?
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In the study by Loftus and Palmer (1974), how did the wording of a question affect participants' speed estimates?
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What was the estimated average speed reported by participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they 'smashed into' each other?
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What impact did the MPI group experience in terms of recalling pictures from the slide show?
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What effect did misleading questions have on participants' interpretation of events in Loftus's studies?
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Why is the study by Loftus et al. (1978) important for understanding memory?
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What type of memory alteration does the research underscore regarding eyewitness testimony?
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What effect does the presence of a fired weapon have on eyewitness accounts?
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In the study by Ross et al. (1994), what was the primary cause for the misidentification of the robber?
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What was the main finding related to post-identification feedback in the Wells & Bradfield (1998) study?
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What was the main issue observed when participants were shown a photo spread after viewing video crimes?
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How many times more likely was the experimental group to pick the male teacher as the robber compared to the control group?
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What factor predominantly shaped how accurately participants identified individuals in the Ross et al. study?
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Which of the following describes a common effect of the gunshot on eyewitness accounts?
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What is a significant psychological factor influencing eyewitness misidentification as noted in the described studies?
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Study Notes
Memory
- Memory is the process of encoding, retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills.
- Memory is active anytime a past experience has an impact on thinking or behaving now or in the future.
Autobiographical Memory
- Autobiographical memory is a type of memory that involves the recollection of personal experiences.
Modal Model of Memory
- The Modal Model of Memory was proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968).
- The model consists of three memory types: sensory, short-term, and long-term.
- Sensory memory holds all incoming information for a few seconds.
- Short-term memory holds 5 to 7 items for about 15 to 20 seconds.
- Long-term memory stores information for extended periods (years or decades).
Baddeley's Working Memory Model
- Baddeley's model is an alternative to the Modal Model, focusing on working memory.
- Working memory is a system for temporarily storing and manipulating information during cognitive tasks.
Encoding and Retrieval
- Encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.
- Retrieval is the process of accessing information stored in memory.
Consolidation and Reconsolidation
- Consolidation is the process of stabilizing a newly encoded memory.
- Reconsolidation is the process of restabilizing a memory that has been recalled.
Everyday Memory
- Research suggests that memories are fragile and malleable.
- The processes of encoding, retrieval, consolidation, and reconsolidation influence how memories are formed and recalled in everyday life.
The Misinformation Effect
- The misinformation effect refers to the phenomenon of incorporating misleading information into a memory of an event.
- Loftus et al. (1978) demonstrated this by showing participants a slideshow of a car crash and then asking leading questions.
- Loftus & Palmer (1974) introduced different verb choices to shape memory perception of car crash speed.
- The use of the word "smashed" increased estimated speed compared to "hit".
Creating False Memories
- Research has shown that it is possible to create false memories in individuals.
- Hyman Jr et al. (1995) presented participants with a bogus event, inserted into a true event.
- Wade et al. (2002) used real photographs supplied by family members and inserted fake photographs of the participant in fabricated situations.
Errors of Eyewitness Identification
- Misidentification due to familiarity can lead to errors in eyewitness identification.
- Ross et al. (1994) demonstrated this by showing participants a film of a male teacher and then a film of a female teacher being robbed.
- The experimental group was more likely to pick the male teacher as the robber, even when the actual robber was in the photo spread.
Errors of Eyewitness Identification: Misidentification Due to Suggestion
- Post-identification feedback effect: Confirmation feedback (after choosing a culprit) leads to increased confidence in their choice, even when incorrect.
Sensory-Evoked Autobiographical Memories
- Memories are more vivid and emotional when elicited using sensory cues.
- Herz & Schooler (2002) found that memories are rated as more emotional when elicited with an odor than with a colored photograph.
- Belfi et al. (2016) demonstrated that more perceptual details are recalled when music prompts memories compared to photographs of faces.
- El Haj et al. (2013) found that music enhanced autobiographical memories in Alzheimer's patients.
Painful Memories: The Peak-End Rule
- Memories of painful experiences are influenced by the peak (most intense part) and the end (last part) of the experience.
- Kahneman et al. (1993) had participants put their hands in ice buckets, with one condition lasting longer with a less painful ending.
- Participants rated the condition with the less painful ending as less painful overall.
- Redelmeier & Kahneman (1996) extended this finding to colonoscopy and lithotripsy procedures, showing that peak and end pain best predicted remembered pain.
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Description
This quiz explores the memories and experiences of a 60-year-old individual reflecting on their life in Australia. It focuses on significant events from ages 20 to 30, examining how important milestones like education and family shape memory retention.