Memory and Learning Concepts
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What is a primary function of the visual system in relation to memory?

  • To enhance the details of every visual experience.
  • To only activate the same cells repeatedly.
  • To maintain all visual information without filtering.
  • To provide a simplified account of relevant information. (correct)

    • What can be a result of brain fog experienced after COVID-19 recovery?

  • Enhanced cognitive clarity and rapid thinking.
  • Confusion and slow thinking. (correct)
  • Increased ability to concentrate.
  • Improved memory formation for visual stimuli.

    • Which statement best describes Alzheimer’s disease?

  • It is reversible and can be cured.
  • It occurs equally in all age groups without genetic influence.
  • It affects 50 percent of people over the age of 85. (correct)
  • It primarily impacts the ability to learn new procedural skills.

    • What genetic factor is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>APOE gene found in chromosome 21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals with Alzheimer’s disease typically learn skills?

    <p>They learn procedural skills better than factual information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common factor plays a major role in the early onset of Alzheimer’s disease?

    <p>Genetic influence and family history.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Enhanced memory recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does type 2 diabetes have in relation to Alzheimer’s disease?

    <p>It increases the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle suggests that all parts of the cortex contribute equally to functioning behaviors?

    <p>Equipotentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure was identified as central for classical conditioning according to Richard F. Thompson's research?

    <p>Lateral interpositus nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tends to be true for individuals with greater left hemisphere activity in the frontal and temporal cortex?

    <p>They exhibit greater happiness and extroversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research suggest about the relationship between language and intelligence?

    <p>Normal intelligence can coexist with language deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of mass action indicate about the role of the cortex?

    <p>More cortex involvement leads to better performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key assumption Lashley made regarding the cerebral cortex?

    <p>It's primarily responsible for storing all engrams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the language acquisition device proposed by Chomsky and Pinker?

    <p>It is essentially a built-in mechanism for acquiring language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does damage to the cerebellum have on conditioned responses?

    <p>It hampers conditioned responses requiring precise timing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the notion that language can develop without formal teaching?

    <p>Deaf people are observed to invent sign languages among themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did temporarily deactivating the lateral interpositus nucleus affect learning in rabbits?

    <p>It prevented any indication of recent training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural change in humans has facilitated language development?

    <p>Modification of the larynx structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hypothesis exists regarding the sensitive period for language learning?

    <p>Early language exposure can prevent permanent impairment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Lashley's experiments reveal about maze learning and visual discrimination?

    <p>They require different parts of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that may have influenced the evolution of language?

    <p>Extended childhood dependency and social interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of Lashley's research assumptions on learning?

    <p>He assumed all learning is equivalent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major symptoms of major depressive disorder?

    <p>Frequent feelings of sadness and helplessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do children typically excel compared to adults when learning a new language?

    <p>In pronunciation and unfamiliar grammatical structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does oxytocin have regarding social cues?

    <p>Intensifies existing relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain areas are associated with the evaluation of possible rewards?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of empathy is influenced both biologically and culturally?

    <p>Expression of empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is less reliable in diagnosing major depressive disorder?

    <p>Increased sadness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does frontotemporal dementia affect people's interest in others?

    <p>Exhibits little interest in how others perceive them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research suggest about the heritability of depression?

    <p>It is influenced by at least 17 genetic variants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does looking at loved ones have on brain activity?

    <p>Activates areas associated with reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is severely affected in Alzheimer's disease, crucial for forming new memories?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neurofibrillary tangles primarily made of?

    <p>Tau proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals with Alzheimer's, what happens to the ventricles in the brain?

    <p>They grow larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is most consistently linked to memory processes in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzymatic buildup is referred to as 'cellular trash' in the context of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Neuritic plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do neurofibrillary tangles disproportionately appear in the brain affected by Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Temporal and parietal areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the experience of not remembering much from the first few years of life?

    <p>Infantile amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of brain changes in Alzheimer's can be detected years before any clinical diagnosis?

    <p>Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of the brain is responsible for monitoring confidence in decision-making?

    <p>Ventromedial prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain acts as the 'scorekeeper' for clicks heard by the rat?

    <p>Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily involved in evaluating new information against habitual decisions?

    <p>Ventromedial prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does oxytocin have on men viewing photos of their significant others?

    <p>It enhances the perception of attractiveness of their partners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior is observed in men after being given oxytocin in relation to attractive women?

    <p>They stand further away from attractive women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

    <p>To compare expected rewards to alternative choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted consequence of damage to the orbitofrontal cortex?

    <p>Poor or impulsive decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between gut bacteria and cognition?

    <p>Certain gut bacteria can produce inflammation that impairs cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory and Learning

    • The hippocampus plays a crucial role in forming new long-term memories, while the striatum is essential for forming habits.
    • The case of H.M., a patient with hippocampus damage, demonstrated the importance of the hippocampus for memory formation, and a lack of episodic memory.
    • Declarative memory (explicit) involves conscious recollection, unlike procedural memory (implicit) which doesn't require conscious awareness.
    • H.M.'s case highlighted a distinction between semantic (factual) and episodic (personal experience) memories.
    • Damage to the hippocampus leads to impaired episodic memory formation and difficulties with recalling personal experiences, while leaving semantic memory largely intact.

    Hemispheric Specialization

    • The left and right hemispheres of the brain have different functions, with some exceptions such as controlling the facial muscles.
    • The left hemisphere is generally dominant in language processing, whereas the right hemisphere is more involved in spatial tasks.
    • The corpus callosum facilitates communication between the two hemispheres.
    • Damage to the corpus callosum can result in communication deficits.

    Emotion and Stress

    • Emotions trigger specific physiological responses, mediated by the autonomic nervous system.
    • Stress activates a general response called the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance and exhaustion.
    • Stress can affect memory and behavior, and prolonged stress can even weaken the immune system.
    • The hippocampus and the amygdala are key structures in processing emotions and memory consolidation due to emotional significance.
    • Emotional states often influence decisions and memories.

    Brain Plasticity

    • The brain's ability to adapt and change throughout life is called plasticity.
    • During development, neurons continuously form new connections and modify existing ones.
    • Environmental experiences and learning can influence brain structure and function.
    • Neurons can adapt by altering the release or reception of neurotransmitters.
    • Damaged parts of the brain may compensate for the loss of function through plasticity.

    Memory Failure and Improvement

    • Lashley's research suggested that memory is distributed throughout the brain, rather than stored in a specific location, contrary to the idea of the engram.
    • Later research identified the cerebellum as a vital site for forming procedural memories.
    • Various factors and experiences impair memory, for instance, stress, emotional state, inadequate sleep and insufficient focus.

    Language Evolution

    • Human language is complex and unique, distinguished by its capacity for generativity (creating new sentences from existing knowledge) and productivity.
    • The structure and function of the brain, including specific neural networks in the language areas, facilitate language development and use.
    • Critical periods during development may support the acquisition of language more effectively compared to later in life.
    • In language learning, the brain's plasticity plays a role in both the acquisition and utilization of multiple languages.

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    Description

    Explore the crucial roles of the hippocampus and striatum in memory formation and habit learning. Understand the distinction between declarative and procedural memory through notable case studies like that of H.M. This quiz delves into the complexities of memory, including semantic and episodic types, as well as hemispheric specialization.

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