Memory and Cognitive Processes Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

What is articulatory suppression?

A technique for disrupting verbal rehearsal by requiring participants to continuously repeat a spoken item.

What is the central executive?

The component of working memory responsible for directing attention and managing cognitive processes.

Define conceptual implicit memory.

Unconscious memory for the meaning of words or concepts, rather than their physical form.

What is consolidation in the context of memory?

<p>The time-dependent process by which a new trace is gradually woven into the fabric of memory and by which its components and their interconnections are cemented together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a cue in memory retrieval?

<p>Retrieval cues that specify aspects of the conditions under which a desired target was encoded, including (for example) the location and time of the event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is declarative memory?

<p>Memory for facts and events that can be consciously recalled (includes semantic and episodic memory).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deep level processing?

<p>Encoding information by focusing on meaning and connections rather than surface features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define directed forgetting.

<p>The tendency for an instruction to forget recently experienced items to induce memory impairment for those items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is direct suppression?

<p>Actively inhibiting a thought or memory to prevent retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a dual task paradigm, and why is it used?

<p>Performing two tasks simultaneously, often used in cognitive research to test resource allocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is echoic memory?

<p>A term sometimes applied to auditory sensory memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the encoding phase of memory processing?

<p>The stage in memory processing where information is initially learned and stored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the episodic buffer?

<p>A part of working memory that connects short-term and long-term memory, helping different types of information work together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define ERP in the context of cognitive neuroscience.

<p>The pattern of electroencephalograph (EEG) activity obtained by averaging the brain responses to the same stimulus (or similar stimuli) presented repeatedly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is explicit contamination in memory?

<p>When external influences (e.g., misleading information) alter a person's explicit memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is free recall?

<p>A method whereby participants are presented with a sequence of items which they are subsequently required to recall in any order they wish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does fMRI measure?

<p>A neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the generation effect.

<p>The phenomenon where generating information (rather than passively receiving it) improves memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hierarchical network theory?

<p>A model of memory organization where concepts are stored in a structured hierarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe incidental learning.

<p>Learning situation in which the learner is unaware that a test will occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inhibitory control?

<p>The ability to suppress automatic responses or distractions in order to focus on a goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the Levels of Processing theory.

<p>The theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart that asserts that items that are more deeply processed will be better remembered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly describe the lexical decision task.

<p>Participants presented with a string of letters must decide rapidly whether the string forms a word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is motivated forgetting?

<p>A phenomenon where individuals may forget information due to a desire to avoid the memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is perceptual implicit memory?

<p>Unconscious memory for the physical characteristics of stimuli (e.g., recognizing a familiar shape).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phonological loop?

<p>Term applied by Baddeley and Hitch to the component of their model responsible for the temporary storage of speech-like information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primacy effect in memory recall?

<p>A tendency for the first few items in a sequence to be better recalled than most of the following items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define priming.

<p>The process whereby presentation of an item influences the processing of a subsequent item, either making it easier to process (positive priming) or more difficult (negative priming).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is procedural memory?

<p>A type of implicit memory for motor skills and habits (e.g., riding a bike).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recency effect?

<p>A tendency for the last few items in a list to be well recalled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the remember-know procedure.

<p>A memory test where people decide if they remember an item with details ('remember') or just find it familiar without details ('know').</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is retrieval?

<p>The process of recovering a target memory based on one or more cues, subsequently bringing that target into awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define schema in the context of memory.

<p>Proposed by Bartlett to explain how our knowledge of the world is structured and influences the way in which new information is stored and subsequently recalled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is shallow level processing?

<p>Encoding information based on surface features, such as appearance or sound, rather than meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe spreading activation theory.

<p>A model of memory suggesting that activating one concept triggers related concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the study phase of an experiment?

<p>The part of an experiment where participants learn material before being tested.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the test phase of an experiment?

<p>The part of an experiment where participants are assessed on previously learned material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Think/No-Think (TNT) procedure.

<p>A procedure designed to study the ability to volitionally suppress retrieval of a memory when confronted with reminders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thought substitution?

<p>Replacing an unwanted thought with a different, neutral or positive thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Translation Hypothesis?

<p>The idea that working memory converts visual and auditory information into a common code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is TMS and rTMS?

<p>A technique in which magnetic pulses briefly disrupt the functioning of a given brain area; administration of several pulses in rapid succession is known as repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is working memory?

<p>A memory system that underpins our capacity to 'keep things in mind' when performing complex tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Visual Spatial Sketchpad?

<p>A component of the Baddeley and Hitch model that is assumed to be responsible for the temporary maintenance of visual and spatial information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Articulatory Suppression

Disrupting verbal rehearsal by repeating a spoken item.

Central Executive

Directs attention and manages cognitive processes in working memory.

Conceptual Implicit Memory

Unconscious memory for the meaning of words or concepts.

Consolidation

Weaves new memories into the existing memory network over time.

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Cue

A trigger to recover a target memory.

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Declarative Memory

Memory for facts and events you can consciously recall.

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Deep Level Processing

Encoding focusing on meaning and connections.

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Directed Forgetting

Instruction to forget, impairs memory for those items

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Direct suppression

Actively preventing a thought or memory from surfacing.

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Dual Task

Performing two tasks at once.

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Echoic Memory

Auditory sensory (short-term) memory.

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Encoding Phase

The stage where info is initially learned.

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Episodic Buffer

Connects short and long-term memory.

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Episodic Memory

Memory for specific life events.

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ERP

Brain activity averaged over repeated stimuli.

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Explicit Contamination

External influence alters explicit memory.

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Free Recall

Recalling items in any order.

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fMRI

Detects brain activity via blood flow changes.

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Generation Effect

Memory improves by actively creating the information.

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Hierarchical Network Theory

Concepts stored in a hierarchy.

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Iconic Memory

Brief storage of Visual information

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Incidental Learning

Learning without intending to learn

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Inhibitory Control

Suppressing distractions to focus.

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Levels of Processing

Deeper processed items remembered better.

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Lexical Decision Task

Deciding if a string is a word.

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Motivated Forgetting

Forgetting due to a desire to avoid.

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Perceptual Implicit Memory

Unconscious memory for physical characteristics.

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Phonological Loop

Temporary storage of speech-like info.

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Primacy Effect

First items in a sequence are better recalled

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Procedural Memory

Motor skills and habits

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Study Notes

  • Study notes on key concepts in memory and cognitive processes

Articulatory Suppression

  • Disrupts verbal rehearsal using continuous repetition of a spoken item.

Central Executive

  • Directs attention and oversees cognitive processes within working memory.

Conceptual Implicit Memory

  • Unconscious memory for the meaning of words and concepts, rather than physical form.

Consolidation

  • Memory traces are gradually woven into the fabric of memory.
  • Components and interconnections are cemented together over time.

Cue

  • Retrieval cue specifies encoding conditions, incorporating the location and the timing of the event.

Declarative Memory

  • Memory of consciously recalled facts and events, featuring semantic and episodic memory.

Deep Level Processing

  • Focus is on meaning and connections, rather than surface features during encoding.

Directed Forgetting

  • Induces memory impairment via instructions to forget recently experienced items.

Direct Suppression

  • Actively inhibits thoughts or memories in order to prevent retrieval.

Dual Task

  • Cognitive research tool tests resource allocation by performing two tasks simultaneously.

Echoic Memory

  • Term applied to auditory sensory memory.

Encoding Phase

  • Information is initially learned and stored.

Episodic Buffer

  • Connects short-term and long-term memory.
  • Facilitates integrated information processing across domains.

Episodic Memory

  • Underpins the ability to remember particular specific events.
  • EEG activity resulting from averaging brain responses to the same or similar stimuli presented repeatedly.

Explicit Contamination

  • External factors alter a person's explicit memory, such as misleading information.

Free Recall

  • Items presented in a sequence are recalled in any order.

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

  • This neuroimaging technique detects alterations in blood flow to gauge brain activity.

Generation Effect

  • Memory improves when information is actively generated versus passively received.

Hierarchical Network Theory

  • Memory is organized within a structured hierarchy of concepts.

Iconic Memory

  • Term applied to the brief storage of visual information.

Incidental Learning

  • The learner is not informed of any upcoming tests.

Inhibitory Control

  • Suppresses automatic responses or distractions for better goal focus.

Levels of Processing

  • This model theorizes more deeply processed items are better remembered.
  • Proposed by Craik and Lockhart.

Lexical Decision Task

  • Quickly decide if a string of letters makes a word.

Motivated Forgetting

  • Avoidance of recalling information due to a desire to forget the memory.

Perceptual Implicit Memory

  • Unconscious memory for physical stimulus characteristics.
  • Recognizing a familiar shape.

Phonological Loop

  • Baddeley and Hitch's model component for temporary storage of speech-like info.

Primacy Effect

  • Initial items in a sequence are better recalled than subsequent items.

Priming

  • Presentation of an item impacts processing of a subsequent one.
  • Making it easier (positive) or harder (negative).

Procedural Memory

  • Implicit memory of motor skills and habits.
  • Riding a bike.

Recency Effect

  • Final items on a list are easily recalled.

Remember-Know Procedure

  • Test to determine remembering with details or recognition/familiarity.

Retrieval

  • Recovering a target memory with cues, bringing it to awareness.

Schema

  • Explains how world knowledge is organized.
  • Influences new information storage and recall through prior knowledge.
  • Proposed by Bartlett.

Semantic Memory

  • Accumulative knowledge of our world is stored.

Shallow Level Processing

  • Encoding focuses on surface features like appearance or sound, not meaning.

Spreading Activation Theory

  • The activation of one concept triggers related concepts in memory.

Study Phase

  • The initial learning stage of material in an experiment.

Test Phase

  • Assessment of previously learned material.

Think/No-Think (TNT)

  • Voluntarily suppress retrieval of a memory while facing reminders.

Thought Substitution

  • Replace an unwanted thought with a neutral or positive one.

Translation Hypothesis

  • Working memory converts visual and auditory info towards a common code.

TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)

  • Disrupts brain area function with magnetic pulses; repetitive pulses are rTMS.

Working Memory

  • Enables keeping things in mind during complex tasks.

Visual Spatial Sketchpad

  • Baddeley and Hitch model component maintains visual and spatial data temporarily.

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Description

Study notes summarizing key concepts in memory and cognitive processes. Including topics such as articulatory suppression, central executive function, conceptual implicit memory, and memory consolidation. Also covering cues, declarative memory, and levels of processing.

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