151 Questions
What is the process in which new plasma membrane is created?
Exocytosis
Which process continually replaces and withdraws patches of the plasma membrane?
Endocytosis
What is the function of direct contact between cells in the immune system?
Distinguishing normal cells from unhealthy cells
In cellular regrowth following injury, damaged tissue is replaced by cell division in which layer of the skin?
Epidermis
In the given case study, what was the patient's BMI?
29
What was the glucose level in the patient's blood work, as per the given case study?
232 mg/dL
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in cells?
Maintain integrity and shape of the cell
According to the fluid mosaic model, what type of interactions cause the bilayer formation of the plasma membrane?
Hydrophobic interactions
Which type of molecules make up approximately 75% of the membrane lipids in the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the cell?
Lipid synthesis and drug metabolism
Which organelle is responsible for the breakdown of cellular waste and foreign particles?
Lysosome
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
Protein synthesis
Which structure is responsible for maintaining the integrity and shape of a cell?
Cytoskeleton
What type of substances can easily penetrate through the plasma membrane without barrier?
Small and nonpolar substances
Which component forms a bilayer in the structure of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
What model describes the organization of cell membranes?
Fluid mosaic model
Which type of membrane transport does not require energy input?
Osmosis
What is the main driving force behind diffusion?
Kinetic energy of ions/molecules
Which type of solutes move unassisted between phospholipid molecules in simple diffusion?
Small and nonpolar solutes
What type of diffusion requires assistance from plasma membrane proteins for the transport of small charged or polar solutes?
Carrier-mediated diffusion
What specific type of carrier protein transports only one substance across the membrane?
Uniporter
Between channel-mediated diffusion and carrier-mediated diffusion, which one involves movement of small ions through water-filled protein channels?
Channel-mediated diffusion
What is the term for the diffusion of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other?
'Osmosis'
In which type of solution do both cytosol and solution have the same relative concentration of solutes?
'Isotonic solution'
'Hypotonic solution' has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water than in cytosol. What happens to a cell in this solution?
'Lysis'
'Hypertonic solution' has a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol. What is the result on a cell placed in this solution?
'Cell shrinks'
'Tonicity' describes the relative concentrations of solutes in two fluids separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Which term reflects a condition where there is no net movement of water?
'Isotonic'
"What specialized channel proteins in the plasma membrane significantly increase the rate of osmosis by allowing the passage of water?"
Aquaporins
What is the basic structure of the framework of the membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
Which lipid component holds phospholipids still and can stiffen the membrane?
Cholesterol
What is the unique fuzzy coat external to the plasma membrane known as?
Glycocalyx
What are the two structural types of membrane proteins?
Integral and peripheral
Which functional category of membrane proteins regulates the movement of substances across the membrane?
Transport proteins
What do cell surface receptors bind to?
Molecules called ligands
Which functional category of proteins may be attached to either the internal or external surface of a cell?
Enzymes
What is the function of microvilli, which are extensions of the membrane?
Increase cell's surface area
What is the role of cilia in the respiratory tract?
Sweep substances across surface in same direction
What causes cystic fibrosis?
Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene
What is selective permeability of the cell membrane?
The ability to control which substances enter or leave the cell
Which process allows substances to cross the plasma membrane through a concentration gradient?
Diffusion
What is the process in which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure?
Filtration
What forces water and small solutes such as salts through narrow clefts between capillary cells?
Filtration
Which type of transport involves carrier-mediated movement of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient without the need for ATP?
Facilitated diffusion
What is the potential energy of charge difference at the plasma membrane called?
Resting membrane potential
What enzyme pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ back into the cell against their concentration gradients?
Sodium-potassium ATPase
Which type of endocytosis is a less selective pathway that brings solutes in bulk into the cell?
Pinocytosis
What is the process in which larger target particles such as microbes or cellular debris are engulfed by pseudopods which merge as a vesicle?
Phagocytosis
Which structure facilitates both direct interaction between cells as well as recognition and response to external molecular signals?
Glycoproteins
What stimulates the Na+−K+ pump to reduce ion concentration, osmolarity, and cell swelling?
Cell swelling
Which process involves the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane, secreting its contents to the extracellular fluid?
Exocytosis
What is the most important determinant in the specific value of resting membrane potential (RMP)?
K+ movement
Which ions are maintained by Na/K pumps following their diffusion?
K+ and Na+
In the context of the given text, where is new plasma membrane created?
Endoplasmic reticulum
In cellular regrowth following injury, which layer of the skin is responsible for replacing damaged tissue by cell division?
Epidermis
What type of solution has the same relative concentration of solutes as the cytosol?
Isotonic solution
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
Synthesizing proteins
Which organelle is responsible for the breakdown of cellular waste and foreign particles?
Lysosome
What is the term for the diffusion of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other?
Osmosis
What process allows substances to cross the plasma membrane through a concentration gradient?
Facilitated diffusion
Which process involves the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane, secreting its contents to the extracellular fluid?
Exocytosis
What enzyme pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ back into the cell against their concentration gradients?
Sodium-potassium ATPase
What is the term for the diffusion of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other?
Osmosis
Which type of transport involves carrier-mediated movement of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient without the need for ATP?
Facilitated diffusion
What is the most important determinant in the specific value of resting membrane potential (RMP)?
Potassium concentration outside the cell
What are the two structural types of membrane proteins?
Integral proteins and peripheral proteins
'Hypertonic solution' has a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol. What is the result on a cell placed in this solution?
The cell shrinks
What stimulates the Na+−K+ pump to reduce ion concentration, osmolarity, and cell swelling?
Cell swelling
What is the function of microvilli, which are extensions of the membrane?
Increase surface area for absorption
What forces water and small solutes such as salts through narrow clefts between capillary cells?
Filtration
What process continually replaces and withdraws patches of the plasma membrane?
Membrane recycling
What makes up approximately 75% of the membrane lipids in the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
What is the primary function of microvilli, which are extensions of the membrane?
Obtain nutrients and form chemical building blocks
What organelle is responsible for the breakdown of cellular waste and foreign particles?
Lysosome
What model describes the organization of cell membranes as a fluid mosaic mixture of phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and other molecules?
Fluid mosaic model
Which ions are maintained by Na/K pumps following their diffusion?
Na+/Cl-
What enzyme pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ back into the cell against their concentration gradients?
Na/K pump
Which type of endocytosis is a less selective pathway that brings solutes in bulk into the cell?
Pinocytosis
Which functional category of membrane proteins may be attached to either the internal or external surface of a cell?
Anchoring proteins
'Hypertonic solution' has a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol. What is the result on a cell placed in this solution?
Cell loses water and shrinks
What is the function of cilia in the respiratory tract?
Move mucus and trapped debris out of the respiratory tract
What is the basic structure of the framework of the membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
Which lipid component holds phospholipids still and can stiffen the membrane?
Cholesterol
What is the unique fuzzy coat external to the plasma membrane known as?
Glycocalyx
What is the main function of transmembrane proteins?
Regulate movement of substances across the membrane
What is the primary function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
Stabilizes membrane against temperature extremes
What is the role of glycocalyx external to the plasma membrane?
Helps form glycocalyx
Which type of proteins are not embedded in the lipid bilayer?
Peripheral proteins
What is the primary function of microvilli?
Increase cell's surface area
[Cystic fibrosis] is caused by mutations in a gene called:
CFTR gene
Which functional category of proteins communicates to other cells that they belong to the body?
Identity markers
What is the primary function of cilia in the respiratory tract?
Sweep substances across surface in same direction
What is the term for the ability of a cell membrane to control which substances and how much of them enter or leave the cell?
Selective permeability
What is the process of obtaining and eliminating substances across the plasma membrane known as?
Membrane transport
Which type of solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than in cytosol?
Hypotonic solution
What term is used to describe the diffusion of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other?
Osmosis
What type of membrane transport mechanism does not require energy input?
Diffusion
Which type of endocytosis is a less selective pathway that brings solutes in bulk into the cell?
Pinocytosis
What specialized channel proteins in the plasma membrane significantly increase the rate of osmosis by allowing the passage of water?
Aquaporins
Which functional category of membrane proteins regulates the movement of substances across the membrane?
Transport proteins
In the context of the given text, what is the term for the process where membrane proteins and lipids are made in the ER, modified by Golgi bodies, and form vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane?
Exocytosis
What is the primary function of direct contact between cells, as mentioned in the given text?
Recognition of unhealthy cells
According to the information provided, what distinguishes normal cells from unhealthy cells?
Glycocalyx
What is the term for the process in which new plasma membrane is created, based on the given information?
Membrane cycling
Which organelle is responsible for the breakdown of cellular waste and foreign particles, as mentioned in the text?
Lysosomes
What type of diffusion requires assistance from plasma membrane proteins for the transport of small charged or polar solutes, based on the information provided?
Facilitated diffusion
What makes up approximately 98% of molecules in the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
What is the primary function of microvilli, which are extensions of the plasma membrane?
Obtaining nutrients and forming chemical building blocks
In the given case study, what was the patient's BMI?
29
Which organelle is responsible for maintaining the integrity and shape of a cell?
Cytoskeleton
What specialized channel proteins in the plasma membrane significantly increase the rate of osmosis by allowing the passage of water?
Aquaporins
Which type of solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than in cytosol?
Hypotonic solution
What enzyme pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ back into the cell against their concentration gradients?
Sodium-potassium pump
What is the potential energy of charge difference at the plasma membrane called?
Electrochemical gradient
What process involves the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane, secreting its contents to the extracellular fluid?
Exocytosis
Which component forms a bilayer in the structure of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
What is the potential energy of charge difference at the plasma membrane called?
Resting membrane potential
What is the unique fuzzy coat external to the plasma membrane known as?
Glycocalyx
Which organelle is responsible for the breakdown of cellular waste and foreign particles?
Lysosome
What type of solution has the same relative concentration of solutes as the cytosol?
Isotonic solution
Which structure facilitates both direct interaction between cells as well as recognition and response to external molecular signals?
Glycocalyx
What forces water and small solutes such as salts through narrow clefts between capillary cells?
Filtration
What stimulates the Na+−K+ pump to reduce ion concentration, osmolarity, and cell swelling?
Cell swelling
What is the term for the diffusion of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other?
Osmosis
'Hypertonic solution' has a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol. What is the result on a cell placed in this solution?
Cell shrinkage
'Hypotonic solution' has a lower concentration of solutes than cytosol. What is the result on a cell placed in this solution?
'Cell swelling'
'Pinocytosis' is a less selective endocytic pathway that brings solutes in bulk into the cell. What does 'Pinocytosis' involve?
'Formation of a vesicle from cell membrane'
What type of membrane transport mechanism does not require energy input?
Facilitated diffusion
What is the primary function of aquaporins in the plasma membrane?
To increase the rate of osmosis by allowing the passage of water
In which type of solution does no net movement of water occur?
Isotonic solution
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
It swells due to the movement of water from outside to inside the cell
What is the process called when substances move up their concentration gradient with the help of carrier proteins?
Active transport
What influences the rate of diffusion in addition to temperature and molecular weight?
Charge and permeability of membrane
What is the primary function of osmotic pressure?
To stop osmosis completely
What type of solutes move unassisted between phospholipid molecules in simple diffusion?
Small nonpolar solutes
What is the reversible attraction of water to solute particles called?
'Hydration spheres'
"Crenation" refers to which cellular change in a hypertonic solution?
'Cell shrinkage'
"Lysis" refers to which cellular change in a hypotonic solution?
'Cell bursting'
Which functional category of membrane proteins regulates the movement of substances across the membrane?
Transport proteins
What is the process called when substances move unassisted between phospholipid molecules in simple diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion
What is the primary function of the glycocalyx external to the plasma membrane?
All of the above
What enzyme pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ back into the cell against their concentration gradients?
Na+−K+ pump
What is the potential energy of charge difference at the plasma membrane called?
Resting membrane potential (RMP)
What type of solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than in cytosol?
Hypotonic solution
What is the role of microvilli, which are extensions of the membrane?
Increase cell's surface area
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
Synthesize proteins
'Hypertonic solution' has a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol. What is the result on a cell placed in this solution?
Cell shrinks
'Hypotonic solution' has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water than in cytosol. What happens to a cell in this solution?
'Hypotonic solution' causes cell swelling
'Hypertonic solution' has a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol. What is the result on a cell placed in this solution?
'Hypertonic solution' causes cell shrinking
'Hypotonic solution' has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water than in cytosol. What happens to a cell in this solution?
'Hypotonic solution' causes cell swelling
Which type of proteins are not embedded in the lipid bilayer?
Peripheral proteins
What is the function of direct contact between cells in the immune system?
Cell adhesion
Test your knowledge about the different mechanisms of membrane transport, including passive transport like facilitated diffusion, and active transport such as active transport and vesicular transport. Explore concepts related to concentration gradients, energy input, and the role of the plasma membrane.
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