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Questions and Answers
What is the correct order of the ABCDEs of melanoma?
What is the correct order of the ABCDEs of melanoma?
What does the 'T' in the TNM classification of tumors stand for?
What does the 'T' in the TNM classification of tumors stand for?
Which of the following is NOT a complication of bone marrow suppression?
Which of the following is NOT a complication of bone marrow suppression?
A fever of 100.4°F or higher is a sign of neutropenia that should be reported.
A fever of 100.4°F or higher is a sign of neutropenia that should be reported.
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A decrease in WBC count can be a sign of infection.
A decrease in WBC count can be a sign of infection.
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended intervention to combat fatigue related to radiation therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended intervention to combat fatigue related to radiation therapy?
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Which of the following is a common intervention to combat nausea related to chemotherapy?
Which of the following is a common intervention to combat nausea related to chemotherapy?
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Corticosteroids can be used to reduce inflammation in spinal cord compression.
Corticosteroids can be used to reduce inflammation in spinal cord compression.
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Which of the following is NOT a non-pharmacological method used in pain management for cancer patients?
Which of the following is NOT a non-pharmacological method used in pain management for cancer patients?
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Which of the following screenings is NOT recommended as a secondary measure to prevent cancer?
Which of the following screenings is NOT recommended as a secondary measure to prevent cancer?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for prostate cancer?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for prostate cancer?
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What is a characteristic of basal cell carcinoma?
What is a characteristic of basal cell carcinoma?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for melanoma?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for melanoma?
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The Rule of Nines is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by a burn.
The Rule of Nines is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by a burn.
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What type of burn is characterized by blisters, red, and moist skin, and is painful?
What type of burn is characterized by blisters, red, and moist skin, and is painful?
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The Parkland formula is used to calculate the fluid resuscitation needs for burn patients.
The Parkland formula is used to calculate the fluid resuscitation needs for burn patients.
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What is a common sign of type 1 diabetes?
What is a common sign of type 1 diabetes?
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Which of the following is a sign of hypoglycemia?
Which of the following is a sign of hypoglycemia?
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The Somogyi phenomenon refers to nocturnal hypoglycemia that leads to rebound hyperglycemia in the morning.
The Somogyi phenomenon refers to nocturnal hypoglycemia that leads to rebound hyperglycemia in the morning.
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Holding metformin before and after contrast administration is recommended for diabetic patients.
Holding metformin before and after contrast administration is recommended for diabetic patients.
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Which of the following is NOT a common intervention for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Which of the following is NOT a common intervention for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
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What is a common finding in patients with hypopituitarism?
What is a common finding in patients with hypopituitarism?
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Diuretics can be used to manage hyponatremia.
Diuretics can be used to manage hyponatremia.
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A low urine osmolality is a characteristic finding in diabetes insipidus.
A low urine osmolality is a characteristic finding in diabetes insipidus.
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Which of the following is NOT a common indication of effective medication for hypothyroidism?
Which of the following is NOT a common indication of effective medication for hypothyroidism?
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Addison's disease can be exacerbated during times of stress.
Addison's disease can be exacerbated during times of stress.
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Which laboratory test is commonly used to monitor Cushing syndrome?
Which laboratory test is commonly used to monitor Cushing syndrome?
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Which of the following is NOT a common finding in acromegaly?
Which of the following is NOT a common finding in acromegaly?
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Study Notes
ABCDEs of Melanoma
- Asymmetry: One half of the lesion doesn't match the other.
- Border: Irregular, ragged, or blurred edges.
- Color: Varies from one area to another (tan, brown, black, white, red).
- Diameter: Larger than 6mm (size of a pencil eraser).
- Evolving: Changes in size, shape, color, or symptoms (itching, tenderness, bleeding).
TNM Classification
-
T (Tumor): Describes the primary tumor's size and extent.
- TO: No primary tumor evidence.
- T1-T4: Increasing tumor size and extent.
-
N (Node): Indicates lymph node involvement.
- NO: No lymph node involvement.
- N1-N3: Increasing lymph node involvement.
-
M (Metastasis): Presence of distant metastasis.
- M0: No metastasis.
- M1: Metastasis present.
Chemotherapy Effects on Stem Cells and Bone Marrow
- Impact: Bone marrow suppression reduces red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet production.
- Complications: Anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia.
- Assessment: Monitor CBC, assess for infection, bleeding, and fatigue.
Neutropenia: Assessment Findings to Report
- Fever: Even low-grade (≥100.4°F or 38°C).
- Chills or sweating.
- Signs of infection: Sore throat, cough, redness, swelling, pain.
- Decreased/absent WBC count: Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <500 cells/mm³.
Spinal Cord Compression Interventions
- Administer corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.
- Prepare for radiation or surgery if necessary for decompression.
- Maintain proper body alignment and use supportive devices to avoid worsening neurological symptoms.
Pain Management for the Cancer Patient
- Use a multimodal approach: NSAIDs, opioids, and adjuvants for pain relief.
- Implement non-pharmacological methods: Relaxation techniques, massage, acupuncture.
- Regularly assess and re-evaluate pain control.
Secondary Measures to Prevent Cancer
- Screenings: Mammograms, colonoscopies, Pap smears, HPV vaccination.
- Lifestyle changes: Smoking cessation, limit alcohol, practice sun protection.
Prostate Cancer Risk Factors
- Age: >50 years.
- Family history: of prostate cancer.
- Ethnicity: African American.
- Lifestyle: High-fat diet and obesity.
Skin Cancer Risk Factors and Characteristics
- Risk factors: Fair skin, excessive UV exposure, family history, sunburns.
- Characteristics: Persistent non-healing sores, pearly/waxy bumps (basal cell), or scaly patches.
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances
- Interventions delegated to UAP: Measuring intake/output, vital signs, assisting with ambulation or hygiene, reporting abnormal findings.
Giving Hypotonic Solution Interventions
- Monitor for fluid shifts: Cerebral edema.
- Assess for signs of overhydration: Confusion, lethargy.
- Use cautiously: In patients with head injuries or increased ICP.
Lasix (Furosemide) Interventions
- Monitor electrolytes (especially potassium).
- Assess for hypovolemia: Dizziness, hypotension.
- Encourage potassium-rich foods or supplementation.
- Interpreting ABGs: pH <7.35 & HCO3 <22 or pH >7.45 & HCO3 >26. pH <7.35 & PaCO2 >45 or pH > 7.45 & PaCO2 <35.
Electrolyte Replacement for DKA
- Replace potassium when levels are low.
- Administer IV fluids (0.9% NS or 0.45% NS).
- Administer insulin to lower blood glucose.
Fluid Replacement for Diarrhea
- Use isotonic fluids (0.9% NS or LR).
Lab Values and Interventions
- Potassium: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L—Cautious IV or oral administration.
- Sodium: 135-145 mEq/L—Monitor for hyper/hyponatremia.
- Calcium: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL—Monitor for tetany in hypocalcemia.
Integumentary Problems
- Atypical Nevi: Irregular borders, uneven pigmentation.
- Melanoma: Dark brown/black patches/nodules with irregular edges, rapid growth, bleeding, itching, or ulceration.
- Actinic Keratosis: Rough, scaly patches/plaques on sun-exposed areas, precancerous lesions.
- Basal Cell Carcinoma: Pearly, waxy bumps/flat lesions with rolled edges, slow-growing.
Burns
- Rule of Nines: Calculates burn percentages.
- Classification: Superficial, partial thickness, full thickness—based on severity.
- Priority nursing interventions: Airway management, fluid resuscitation, wound care, pain control.
- Electrical burns: Cardiac monitoring, assess entry & exit wounds, monitor for compartment syndrome.
- Emergency Interventions: Remove patient from source of burn, cool with lukewarm water, cover the burn (avoid ice), assess airway & circulation.
- Complications: Infection, sepsis, hypovolemic shock.
Parkland Formula for Burns
- Formula: 4 mL × % TBSA × weight (kg).
- Half of the total fluid is given over the first 8 hours; the other half over the next 16 hours.
Hormone Alterations in Burns
- Increased cortisol & catecholamines (stress response).
- ADH secretion leading to fluid retention.
- Insulin resistance & hyperglycemia.
Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, ketoacidosis symptoms
- Type 2: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, recurrent infections, poor wound healing
- Interventions: Screen for gestational diabetes, monitor fetal growth, monitor maternal blood glucose
- Hyperglycemia: Polyuria, polydipsia, dry mouth
Endocrine Problems
- Hypopituitarism: Fatigue, weight gain.
- SIADH: Fluid restriction (500-1000 mL/day), administer diuretics & hypertonic saline (if severe)
- Diabetes Insipidus: Low urine osmolality (<200 mOsm/kg), high serum osmolality (>295 mOsm/kg), hypernatremia (Na >145 mEq/L)
- Assessing medication effectiveness for hypothyroidism; Addison's Disease Interventions in Times of Stress: Monitor for hypotension and electrolyte imbalances, administer IV hydrocortisone if necessary
- Cushing Syndrome; Acromegaly Assessment: Enlarged hands, feet & facial features, joint pain, thickened skin, sleep apnea & hypertension
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Description
Test your knowledge on the ABCDEs of melanoma, as well as the TNM classification system for cancer staging. This quiz also explores the effects of chemotherapy on stem cells and bone marrow. Challenge yourself and learn crucial information regarding cancer detection and treatment.
