Meiosis vs Mitosis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a common consequence of nondisjunction during meiosis I?

All gametes will be identical in chromosome number.

One gamete will have an extra chromosome while the other will be missing one. (correct)

Both gametes will have extra chromosomes.

Gametes end up with the correct number of chromosomes.

What syndrome is caused by having an extra X chromosome in males?

Jacobs syndrome

Turner syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome (correct)

XYY syndrome

Which of the following is the result of an extra Y chromosome in males?

Infertile male with diminished male characteristics

Sterile male with increased height (correct)

Normal male with no noticeable effect

Male with mental retardation

What effect does Turner syndrome have on females?

Sterile with underdeveloped sex organs Signup and view all the answers

How does aneuploidy typically arise?

Through failure of chromosomes to segregate properly during meiosis. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the condition where a pair of chromosomes is missing one chromosome?

Monosomy Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the gametes produced from nondisjunction in meiosis II?

Two gametes have normal chromosome numbers and one has an extra chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of three X chromosomes in females?

Triple X syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of aneuploidy in chromosomal disorders?

Results in an uneven number of chromosomes affecting normal development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of crossing over during meiosis?

It results in recombinant chromosomes by exchanging genetic material between nonsister chromatids Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chiasmata during meiosis?

To help homologous chromosomes connect during crossing over Signup and view all the answers

How does independent assortment contribute to genetic diversity?

Chromosomes align randomly during metaphase, creating different combinations Signup and view all the answers

What can be a potential consequence of errors during chiasmata formation?

Increased risk of genetic disorders such as aneuploidy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of Trisomy 21?

Nondisjunction in the formation of sperm or egg Signup and view all the answers

Why does the risk of having a child with Down syndrome increase with parental age?

Nondisjunction events become more frequent in older eggs or sperm Signup and view all the answers

In the context of genetics, what characterizes a mutant?

An organism with a new or altered trait due to mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of aneuploidy?

Having an extra or missing chromosome Signup and view all the answers

How can sex chromosome disorders primarily arise?

Due to nondisjunction during meiosis Signup and view all the answers

What does meiosis primarily ensure about the genetic material?

Alleles for different traits are sorted independently Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of nondisjunction in terms of offspring health?

It can result in genetic disorders such as Down syndrome Signup and view all the answers

In a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous individuals, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

3:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of pleiotropy?

One gene affects several different traits Signup and view all the answers

What do individuals with sex-linked disorders often exhibit?

A higher incidence in males due to X-linked inheritance Signup and view all the answers

In a dihybrid cross, what does independent assortment result in?

A variety of combinations for both traits Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Meiosis vs Mitosis

Genotype: genetic makeup of a cell/organism
Phenotype: visible characteristics
Polymorphism: persisting mutation
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP): One nucleotide change
Large-scale mutations: involve large chromosomal parts (deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, reciprocal translocation)
Small-scale mutations: affect one or a few nucleotides (point mutations, substitution, frameshift).
Substitution mutations: one nucleotide is replaced by another (nonsense, silent, missense)
Frameshift mutations (insertion/deletion): add/remove nucleotides, changing the entire codon sequence downstream.
Non-synonymous point mutations: change amino acid sequence. Mutations in codons cause these changes.
Synonymous point mutations: do not change amino acid sequences.
How frameshift mutations affect protein sequences: the reading frame is altered, leading to changes in encoded amino acids. An earlier mutation will have a more severe effect on the protein than a later one.
Chromosomal rearrangements (types): Duplication, Inversion, Deletion, Translocation.
Regulatory/control elements: the regulatory elements surrounding an inverted region are changed.
Gene dosage imbalance: duplication of a segment will increase gene dosage, leading to imbalance.
Gene disruption: the inverted region might disrupt genes at the break point.
Gene loss: Deletion of a segment removes genes in that region.

Genotype vs Phenotype

Genotype: organism's genetic makeup
Phenotype: observable traits
Polymorphism: Genes that are common in populations, but are different from other genes in the same species.

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Description

Test your understanding of meiosis and mitosis, focusing on key concepts such as genotype, phenotype, and various types of mutations. This quiz explores the differences in cellular division processes and their implications for genetic diversity and mutation types. Prepare to dive deep into genetic variations and their significance!