Meiosis vs Mitosis

Day 1 (Chapter 11.1-2)

• Mitosis and meiosis have different purposes and differences
• Consider diploid vs. haploid cell numbers, basic division phases, and genetic diversity
• Prophase I, Prometaphase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Interkinesis, Prophase II, Prometaphase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, and Cytokinesis are all events to be able to identify
• It is essential to describe the structure and behavior of chromosomes
• Consider homologous chromosomes vs. sister chromatids, centromere vs. telomere, synapsis and synaptonemal complex, and crossing over and chiasmata
• Understand the basic function of cell cycle phases such as Interphase (G1, S, G2) and M phase (mitosis/meiosis)
• Genetic diversity arises through meiosis
• Crossing over occurs during prophase I
• Random assortment of homologous chromosomes occurs in metaphase I
• Random fertilization occurs after meiosis
• Meiosis, mitosis, and fertilization contribute to the life cycles of different organisms
• Animals are diploid dominant
• Plants have alternation of generations
• Fungi are haploid dominant

Day 2 (Chapter 12.1-2)

• Genetic breeding terms and processes were proposed by Gregor Mendel
• P, F1, F2 generations, true-breeding, testcross, dominant vs. recessive alleles, allele vs. gene, homozygous vs. heterozygous, and phenotype vs. genotype should be understood
• The product rule and sum rule of probability are different

Day 3 (Chapter 12.3)

• Multi-gene crosses can be completed using the forked-line method or by combining results of monohybrid crosses
• Probability laws determine ratios of multi-gene crosses
• The sum rule determines multiple, independent scenarios
• The product rule determines multiple, dependent scenarios
• Accurately list the genotype ratios and the phenotype ratios of genetic crosses
• Patterns, results, and differences describe inheritance types
• Predict ratios of phenotypes and genotypes in offspring for each monohybrid cross type
• Epistasis can be defined and used to solve multi-gene crosses

Day 4 (Chapter 13.2)

• Non-disjunction leads to aneuploidy (incorrect chromosome number)
• Results differ if non-disjunction occurs in Meiosis I vs. Meiosis II
• Karyotypes of common aneuploidy offspring) can be identified
• Turner syndrome (2n-1; X) and Klinefelter syndrome (2n+1, XXY) are examples
• Polyploidy (triploidy or tetraploidy) differs from single chromosome non-disjunction types (trisomy or monosomy)
• Chromosomal structural mutations have varying effects on phenotypes
• These include deletion, duplication, translocation and inversion (pericentric vs. paracentric)
• X inactivation occurs in females and affects phenotypes

Day 5 (Chapter 14.1-2)

• Experiments helped understand that DNA is the genetic material passed on from generation to generation
• Griffith and transformation involves S vs. R strain of bacterial pneumonia injected into mice
• The Hershey-Chase experiment uses radiolabeled Sulfur vs. Phosphorus in bacteriophage virus
• The molecular structure of DNA/RNA is nucleotides
• Nitrogenous bases include pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil) and purines (adenine, guanine)
• Sugars are deoxyribose vs. ribose
• Numbering the carbon atoms, especially the 3' and 5' carbons, is important
• Nucleotides have three phosphates and one within the DNA/RNA structure
• Follow Chargaff's rule when matching nucleotides
• The double helix structure
• Identify the 3' and 5' ends of each strand; antiparallel
• Major vs. minor grooves
• Hydrogen bonds of AT and CG; 2 hydrogen bonds vs. 3 hydrogen bonds
• Uniform width
• Sugar-Phosphate backbone has nitrogen-containing bases in the center
• Covalent bonds link nucleotides with 5' – 3' phosphodiester bonds
• Coiling organization occurs in eukaryotic chromosomes
• DNA + histone protein becomes a nucleosome, 30 nm fiber, 300 nm fiber looped domain, and compacted chromosome

Day 6 (Chapter 14.3-5)

• There are three hypothesized methods of DNA replication
• Conservative, semiconservative, and dispersive
• The Meselson and Stahl experiment with N-14/N-15 demonstrates semiconservative replication
• DNA replication starts at the origin of replication
• Identifying leading and lagging strands in DNA replication is important
• The lagging strand creates Okazaki fragments
• Many proteins and enzymes are involved in DNA replication
• Helicase, single stranded binding (SSB) proteins, topoisomerase, primase, DNA Polymerase III, DNA Polymerase I, and ligase
• DNA Polymerases I and III read the template strand 3' to 5' and synthesize a new strand 5' to 3'

Day 7 (Chapter 14.6)

• DNA replication differs between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
• Origin of replication, telomerase function
• Telomerase in eukaryotes functions to promote cell longevity
• The pros and cons of telomerase activity in cells differ
• Three types of DNA repair have similarities, differences, and functions
• Proofreading (DNA polymerase), mismatch repair, and nucleotide excision repair are the main DNA repair types
• Point mutations can be substitution, addition, or deletion
• Substitution point mutations include silent, missense, nonsense, and readthrough
• Addition or Deletion mutation results in frameshift

Day 8 (Chapter 15.1)

• Genes, proteins, and biochemical pathways need multiple enzymes/proteins to function
• The central dogma of molecular biology shows differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
• DNA becomes RNA which becomes protein
• Know location in the cell and mRNA processing
• Coupling of transcription and translation differs between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
• RNA and DNA structures have differences and similarities
• Genetic code "decoder" uses a nucleotide triplet (codon) for each amino acid
• The start codon AUG codes for the amino acid Methionine

Day 9 (Chapter 15.2-3)

• Transcription similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Know the difference between the template strand and the coding strand
• Describe prokaryotic transcription, including required elements like a promoter
• The σ (sigma) subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase differs from holoenzyme vs. core enzyme
• Promoter region consensus sequences include initiation site +1 and TTGAC -35 region and TATAAT -10 region
• RNA Polymerase on template strand unwinds and rewinds during 5' – 3' synthesis in elongation
• Termination is Rho-dependent and Rho protein stalls on guanine, or is Rho-independent
• A C-G Hairpin stalls because of a run of adenine
• Describe eukaryotic transcription, including required elements
• Initiation includes the Promoter
• Transcription initiation complex includes transcription factor proteins (TF II) and the promoter region
• Promoter region consensus sequences include the CAAT box, GC-rich box, octamer box, -25 to -35 TATAAA
• RNA polymerase unwinds and rewinds during 5' – 3' synthesis in elongation
• RNA polymerase I transcribes most rRNAs, RNA polymerase II transcribes pre mRNA, and RNA polymerase III transcribes 5S rRNA, tRNA, and snRNA
• FACT moves histones in termination during eukaryotic transcription

Day 10 (Chapter 15.4)

• Transcription and translation occur simultaneously in prokaryotes
• Genes can experience transcription by multiple polymerases simultaneously
• Eukaryotic mRNA editing occurs for RNA stability, ribosome recognition, and export of RNA from the nucleus
• Add a 5' guanine cap and a poly-A tail at the 3' end
• Splicing of introns
• Components of spliceosome complex (snRNP [protein + snRNA], intron, spliceosome protein)
• snRNP helps create a lariat and aids splicing

Day 11 (Chapter 15.5)

• Ribosomes have small and large subunits (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)
• A, P, and E site location and function in ribosomes
• Charging tRNA involves covalently bonding an amino acid to tRNA Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, tRNA, and ATP provide energy
• Initiation happens with mRNA, a small ribosomal subunit, tRNA with methionine, initiation factors 2 and 3 (IF2, IF3), GTP, a large ribosomal subunit, and the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and Kozak rule
• Elongation occurs through codon recognition Incoming tRNA and Elongation Factor, A site, and GTP
• Peptide bond formation occurs by rRNA/peptidyl transferase, the P site, amino acids, dehydration synthesis
• Translocation is tRNA shifting with Elongation Factor, GTP, and the E site
• Termination begins with a stop codon, protein release factors (RF), the A site, and 2 GTP
• Protein targeting has a certain process and purpose
• Signal recognition protein (SRP), signal sequence, ribosome, and endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)