Life Sciences Term 1 Test
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Questions and Answers

What is the shape of the DNA structure?

  • Circle
  • Triangle
  • Double helix (correct)
  • Square

    • During DNA replication, where does the process take place in eukaryotic cells?

  • Ribosome
  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus

    • Which of the following scientists proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

  • Francis Crick
  • James Watson (correct)
  • Maurice Wilkins
  • Rosalind Franklin

    • What are the components of a nucleotide in DNA?

    <p>Phosphate group, sugar molecule, nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Coding for proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Plays a critical role in energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains chloroplast DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chromosomes made of?

    <p>Proteins called histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nuclear DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Carry genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme facilitates the unwinding of the DNA double helix during replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a primer in DNA replication?

    <p>Initiating DNA polymerase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides during DNA replication?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA replication significant for genetic diversity?

    <p>It can introduce genetic variations through mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main forms of RNA?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transports amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

    <p>Playing a critical role in ribosome structure and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During protein synthesis, which molecule serves as a template for mRNA synthesis?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA molecules during translation?

    <p>Carry amino acids and have an anticodon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis involves homologous chromosomes aligning at the cell equator?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Increases genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the process of meiosis occur in animals?

    <p>Sex organs (testes and ovaries)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between meiosis and mitosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Meiosis results in haploid daughter cells, while mitosis results in diploid daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>It can result in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the outcome of meiosis?

    <p>Meiosis introduces genetic variation through crossing over and random assortment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction involving chromosome pair 21 in humans?

    <p>It results in an extra copy of chromosome 21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of genetic diversity?

    <p>Mitosis results in genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis leads to genetically different daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of crossing over in genetic variability?

    <p>Crossing over is crucial for increasing genetic variability among produced gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which reproductive strategy do fertilization occur inside the female's body?

    <p>Vivipary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of external fertilization in comparison to internal fertilization?

    <p>External fertilization exposes eggs to desiccation and requires water for successful fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive mode allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously?

    <p>Ovipary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of precocial development in offspring?

    <p>Reduced burden of extensive parental care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vertebrates exhibit ovovivipary, combining aspects of ovipary and vivipary?

    <p>Some species of snakes and sharks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the amniotic egg in terrestrial vertebrates?

    <p>Preventing dehydration and physical harm to the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor determining the extent of parental care in vertebrates?

    <p>Reproductive strategy and developmental mode of the offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vivipary enhance the survival rate of offspring?

    <p>Providing a controlled environment for development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of DNA replication in living organisms?

    <p>To ensure the continuity of genetic information during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, which phase of the cell cycle does it occur in?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydrogen bonds in holding the strands of DNA together?

    <p>To connect the nitrogenous bases on opposite DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication in relation to genetic diversity?

    <p>DNA replication ensures accurate transmission of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Delivering amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is transfer RNA (tRNA) found in the cell and what is its function?

    <p>Found freely in the cytoplasm, involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates RNA from DNA in terms of structure?

    <p>RNA forms a double helix structure while DNA is typically single-stranded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is essential for ensuring that amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain in the correct order during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transfer RNA (tRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizes a short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA replication significant for cell growth and division?

    <p>It allows organisms to maintain their genetic integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the Termination phase of DNA replication?

    <p>The replication forks meet and the process concludes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered a powerful tool for identification purposes?

    <p>As each person has a distinct DNA profile except identical twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of protein synthesis does the mRNA exit the nucleus through a nuclear pore?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA molecules during translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying specific amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis occur in plants for the production of spores and gametophytes?

    <p>Anthers and ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

    <p>Increases genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of meiosis in animals?

    <p>Production of gametes with half the chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>To maintain the chromosome number from one generation to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process during meiosis leads to new combinations of genes on each chromosome?

    <p>Random Assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from non-disjunction during meiosis involving chromosome pair 21 in humans?

    <p>Heart defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Producing energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains chloroplast DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Protecting DNA from damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the distribution of DNA across different cellular locations emphasize its significance?

    <p>By highlighting its central role in cellular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which process does crossing over occur, contributing to genetic variability among offspring?

    <p>Karyokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase in Meiosis I involves the lining up of homologous chromosome pairs on the equator?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive mode involves laying eggs outside the female's body to allow embryos to develop externally?

    <p>Internal fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of vivipary in terms of offspring development?

    <p>Ability to produce many offspring simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vertebrates commonly exhibit internal fertilization as a reproductive strategy?

    <p>Fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do precocial species produce relatively mature and independent offspring?

    <p>To allow the young to fend for themselves against predators early on.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary advantage does the amniotic egg provide for terrestrial vertebrates?

    <p>It provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between ovovivipary and vivipary in animals?

    <p>Ovovivipary retains eggs within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch, unlike vivipary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is parental care important in vertebrates?

    <p>To directly influence the reproductive success of both parents and offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of altricial species in terms of offspring development?

    <p>They produce underdeveloped offspring that require extensive parental care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of DNA replication in living organisms?

    <p>To ensure continuity of genetic information from one generation to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleotide base pairs with cytosine in DNA?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientists proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

    <p>James Watson and Francis Crick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the S phase in the cell cycle for DNA replication?

    <p>It ensures each new cell receives a complete set of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Facilitating energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains chloroplast DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the distribution of DNA in different cellular locations underscore?

    <p>The central role of DNA in genetic inheritance and cellular metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure plays a crucial role in organizing and compacting DNA to fit within the cell nucleus?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) located?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transports amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carries the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

    <p>Contains thymine vs. contains uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for joining the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

    <p>Ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA profiling in identifying individuals?

    <p>Generating unique DNA profiles for each person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is interpretation of DNA profiles approached cautiously?

    <p>Because of differences in profiling methods between laboratories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which process does crossing over occur, contributing to genetic variability among offspring?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive mode allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously?

    <p>External Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of Meiosis I do homologous chromosomes pair up?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Provides Energy for the Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the outcome of Meiosis II?

    <p>Results in two identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, which of the following correctly describes the role of mRNA?

    <p>mRNA exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA molecules during translation?

    <p>tRNA binds to mRNA at the ribosome and carries specific amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis occur in animals for the production of gametes?

    <p>Meiosis occurs in the sex organs (testes and ovaries)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Histones aid in packaging DNA into chromatin structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over leads to increased genetic variation among offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary advantage does ovovivipary provide for animals?

    <p>Metabolic cost efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive strategy allows offspring to be born relatively mature and independent?

    <p>Precocial development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the amniotic egg in terrestrial vertebrates?

    <p>Self-contained aquatic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes a characteristic of altricial species in terms of offspring development?

    <p>Underdeveloped offspring requiring extensive parental care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is parental care important for vertebrates?

    <p>To increase reproductive success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Production of four haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do chromosomes align randomly at the equator before separation?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction involving chromosome pair 21?

    <p>Resulting zygote with 47 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a key mechanism that introduces genetic diversity during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over during Prophase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to the maintenance of a constant chromosome number through generations?

    <p>By reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid in gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, which of the following correctly describes the role of Primase?

    <p>Initiates RNA primer synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

    <p>Provide stability to the DNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the S phase of the cell cycle critical for DNA replication?

    <p>Ensures each new cell receives a complete set of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do regulatory regions in DNA play in gene expression?

    <p>Control when, where, and how much protein is produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Produces energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular location is responsible for carrying the majority of genetic information in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication for genetic diversity?

    <p>Contributes to genetic diversity necessary for evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Creating a continuous double-stranded DNA molecule by joining Okazaki fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme facilitates the unwinding of the DNA double helix during replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the replication process conclude during DNA replication?

    <p>After the entire molecule has been replicated and replication forks meet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) located within the cell?

    <p>Within the ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes RNA different from DNA in terms of structure?

    <p>RNA has ribose sugar, DNA has deoxyribose sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular location can transfer RNA (tRNA) be found?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Interpreting the genetic code and delivering amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does transcription occur within a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does the nuclear envelope dissolve, and spindles begin to form?

    <p>Prophase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA molecules in protein synthesis?

    <p>Decoding the mRNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Creates new combinations of genes on each chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes align at the cell equator?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which error during meiosis can lead to gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes?

    <p>Non-disjunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

    <p>Creates genetic variation among offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Aid in the packaging and organization of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of non-disjunction involving chromosome pair 21?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to the maintenance of chromosome number from generation to generation?

    <p>By reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is crucial for maintaining the species-specific chromosome number through generations?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Prophase in meiosis I from Prophase in mitosis?

    <p>Formation of pairs by chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which reproductive strategy does fertilization occur inside the female's body?

    <p>Vivipary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the difference between Anaphase in mitosis and Anaphase in meiosis I?

    <p>Whole chromosomes are pulled to poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates external fertilization from internal fertilization?

    <p>Requires water for fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive strategy involves retaining eggs within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch?

    <p>Vivipary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of ovoviviparous animals retaining eggs within the mother's body?

    <p>Protection for the eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental strategy involves producing underdeveloped offspring that require extensive parental care?

    <p>Altricial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of offspring development, what characteristic describes precocial species?

    <p>Independently mobile shortly after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary advantage does the amniotic egg provide for terrestrial vertebrates?

    <p>Protection for the developing embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does the nuclear envelope dissolve and spindles form?

    <p>Prophase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>To ensure offspring have the correct diploid number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Abnormal chromosome number in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of maintaining a constant chromosome number through meiosis?

    <p>To ensure stability in the genetic material from generation to generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains chloroplast DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Inherited maternally, plays a role in energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA considered the fundamental molecule responsible for the genetic blueprint of life?

    <p>Because it stores, transmits, and executes genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Enabling photosynthesis by converting light energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>Identifying individuals based on their unique DNA characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer during DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of proofreading abilities in DNA polymerases during replication?

    <p>Correcting errors or mismatches in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, where do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides?

    <p>To the 3' end of the original DNA template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical timing of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two scientists used X-ray diffraction to study DNA's molecular structure?

    <p>Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ligase enzymes in DNA replication termination?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA within cells?

    <p>Storage and transmission of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of ovovivipary over vivipary in animals?

    <p>Reduced metabolic costs associated with egg retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vertebrates exhibit precocial development?

    <p>Ground-nesting birds and ungulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary significance of the amniotic egg for terrestrial vertebrates?

    <p>It expands their range of habitats by protecting developing embryos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental strategy results in potentially higher brain mass and more complex behaviors in adulthood?

    <p>Altricial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect that influences the extent of parental care in vertebrates?

    <p>The reproductive strategy and developmental mode of the offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA molecules in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carry specific amino acids and have anticodons complementary to mRNA codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, what is the function of the mRNA molecule?

    <p>Detaches from DNA and exits the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis involves homologous chromosomes being pulled to opposite poles of the cell?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of nuclear DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Carries genetic information and instructions for cellular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) located within the cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying genetic code from DNA to cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes RNA from DNA in terms of structure?

    <p>RNA has ribose sugar, DNA has deoxyribose sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transporting amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must the application of DNA profiling be conducted with stringent accuracy and ethical standards?

    <p>To prevent discrimination and privacy breaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the process of crossing over in mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over results in genetic variability in both mitosis and meiosis, but the timing differs between the two processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of karyokinesis and cytokinesis in the two rounds of cell division during meiosis?

    <p>Karyokinesis happens twice in mitosis and once in meiosis, while cytokinesis occurs twice in meiosis but only once in mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do external fertilization and internal fertilization differ in terms of environmental dependency?

    <p>External fertilization necessitates water for egg protection, while internal fertilization allows reproduction to occur without environmental constraints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ovipary from vivipary in terms of offspring development?

    <p>Viviparous offspring develop internally with direct maternal nourishment, while oviparous offspring depend on external resources for growth and protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Meiosis II resemble mitosis for haploid cells?

    <p>Due to the haploid nature of starting cells in Meiosis II, the process aims to produce genetically varied offspring for biological diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maternal inheritance pattern of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

    <p>Maternal inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure plays a crucial role in organizing and compacting DNA within the nucleus?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the majority of genetic information responsible for an organism's hereditary characteristics found?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the role of Primase?

    <p>Synthesizes a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the two strands of DNA together in the double helix structure?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between phosphate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>To carry genetic information for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of vivipary compared to ovovivipary?

    <p>Metabolic cost reduction associated with egg retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes precocial species from altricial species?

    <p>Produce mature and independent offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the amniotic egg provide an advantage for terrestrial vertebrates?

    <p>Provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily located within the cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does parental care play in vertebrates' reproductive success?

    <p>Increases the survival rates of the young</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a longer developmental period beneficial for altricial species?

    <p>Results in potentially higher brain mass and more complex behaviors in adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carries the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates RNA from DNA in terms of structure?

    <p>Contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important that DNA profiling be conducted with stringent accuracy and ethical standards?

    <p>To prevent discrimination based on sensitive genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, which of the following correctly describes the role of the template strand of DNA?

    <p>It acts as a template for mRNA synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of protein synthesis do peptide bonds form between amino acids to create a growing polypeptide chain?

    <p>Elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during Anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of tRNA molecules in protein synthesis?

    <p>They bring specific amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA codons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>It results in genetic variation by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer during DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ligase enzymes in DNA replication termination?

    <p>Join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, which direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of proofreading abilities in DNA polymerases during replication?

    <p>Ensuring fidelity by correcting errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for DNA polymerases to add nucleotides to the 3' end of the newly forming strand during replication?

    <p>To follow a specific template sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material at points called chiasmata?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis in humans?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process during meiosis results in the formation of gametes with different combinations of chromosomes, contributing to genetic variation within a species?

    <p>Random Assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid during meiosis?

    <p>Maintain constant chromosome number in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In meiosis, what is the significance of the spindle fibers pulling sister chromatids towards opposite poles during Anaphase II?

    <p>Maintenance of chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference in chromosome behavior between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Chromosome number remains constant in mitosis, while it is halved in meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the reproductive strategies of ovipary and vivipary differ?

    <p>Vivipary involves internal fertilization, while ovipary allows external fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes external fertilization from internal fertilization in vertebrates?

    <p>Internal fertilization requires specific environmental conditions, unlike external fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does Meiosis II resemble mitosis for haploid cells?

    <p>The end products are haploid but genetically varied in both processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the reproductive strategies of internal fertilization and external fertilization differ in terms of environmental dependency?

    <p>Internal fertilization requires specific environmental conditions like water, unlike external fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Organizing and compacting DNA within the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is chloroplast DNA primarily located in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA regarding inheritance?

    <p>Nuclear DNA is inherited from both parents, while mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within the cell?

    <p>Energy production within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component is essential for the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA polymerase ensure the fidelity of DNA replication?

    <p>Proofreading and correcting errors in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, why is it essential for nucleotides to be added in a 5' to 3' direction?

    <p>To ensure new nucleotides are complementary to the template strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

    <p>Facilitating the unwinding of the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of external fertilization?

    <p>Higher likelihood of successful fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of reproductive success, which strategy maximizes parental care?

    <p>Internal Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical function of meiosis II after completion of meiosis I?

    <p>Ensuring genetic variability in produced gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do oviparous animals benefit from their reproductive strategy?

    <p>Laying eggs outside to reduce risk of predation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Meiosis II from mitosis in terms of genetic variability?

    <p>Genetically varied end products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transfer RNA (tRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitates assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of ovovivipary in animals?

    <p>Avoiding the metabolic costs associated with true vivipary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key evolutionary advancement attributed to the amniotic egg?

    <p>Providing a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a stop codon during translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>To terminate the process of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental strategy offers the advantage of reducing parental care burden?

    <p>Precocial development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the extent of parental care influence vertebrates' reproductive success?

    <p>It increases reproductive success by ensuring high survival rates of young</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During mRNA processing and exit, where does the newly formed mRNA strand go after detaching from the DNA in the nucleus?

    <p>Exits through a nuclear pore to reach the cytoplasm for translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of the diverse reproductive strategies among vertebrates?

    <p>Expanding ecological niches and habitats for survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of homologous chromosomes in Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>To pair up and form bivalents for genetic exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does crossing over achieve during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes reduce the chromosome number by half?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the specific pairing between adenine and thymine in DNA?

    <p>Maintains the structure of the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is crucial for ensuring genetic information continuity during cell division?

    <p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA regulatory regions within the genome?

    <p>Controlling gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA polymerase enzymes during DNA replication?

    <p>Proofreading the replicated DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does non-disjunction most likely occur?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the daughter cells produced in mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Mitotic daughter cells are genetically identical, while meiotic daughter cells are genetically unique.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key process that introduces genetic diversity during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism ensures that offspring have the correct diploid chromosome number after fertilization?

    <p>Reduction Division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of non-disjunction involving an abnormal gamete with an extra chromosome?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Playing a critical role in energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelle contains chloroplast DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do histones play in relation to DNA?

    <p>Organizing and compacting DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleotide base pairs with cytosine in DNA?

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main significance of DNA replication in the continuity of genetic information?

    <p>Transmitting accurate genetic information from one generation to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is critical for DNA replication to take place?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA polymerase in the process of DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a new complementary strand of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Okazaki fragments in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining short segments of DNA on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases contribute to the stability of the DNA double helix structure?

    <p>They provide specificity in base pairing and hold the two strands together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does transfer RNA (tRNA) function during protein synthesis?

    <p>Delivering amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location where messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic code from DNA?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

    <p>The sugar in RNA is ribose, while DNA contains deoxyribose sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, what is the role of DNA polymerases?

    <p>Adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step of DNA replication involves the synthesis of a short RNA primer?

    <p>Initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Okazaki fragments in DNA replication?

    <p>They are joined by ligase enzymes on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial for DNA polymerases to have proofreading abilities during replication?

    <p>To prevent errors and mutations in the newly formed DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Prophase II of meiosis and Prophase of mitosis?

    <p>In Prophase II, chromosomes still consist of two chromatids, while in Prophase of mitosis, chromosomes are single-stranded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the reduction of chromosome number during meiosis contribute to maintaining the correct chromosome number in offspring?

    <p>By halving the chromosome number, meiosis balances the doubling of chromosomes during fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of non-disjunction during Anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Abnormal gametes with an extra copy of a chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does crossing over during Prophase I contribute to genetic diversity?

    <p>By exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes a similarity between meiosis and mitosis?

    <p>Both processes occur in body cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of meiosis I do whole chromosomes get pulled to opposite poles, unlike in mitosis?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive strategy is characterized by laying eggs outside the female's body for external development and hatching?

    <p>Ovipary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does internal fertilization differ from external fertilization in terms of fertilization location?

    <p>Fertilization occurs inside the female's body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is crucial for increasing genetic variability among produced gametes during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes meiosis II from mitosis regarding genetic variability in the produced offspring?

    <p>Meiosis II results in haploid but genetically varied cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>It increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the random alignment of homologous chromosomes at the cell equator during Metaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>It allows for the independent assortment of chromosomes, leading to genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chiasmata during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of ovovivipary in terms of offspring development?

    <p>Offspring develop within eggs inside the mother's body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy allows young to be born with their eyes open, covered in fur, and able to stand shortly after birth?

    <p>Precocial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes altricial species from precocial species in terms of offspring development?

    <p>Born blind and helpless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo?

    <p>Amniotic egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of parental care closely linked to the reproductive strategy and offspring's developmental mode?

    <p>Feeding young</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do sperm cells mature and get stored after being produced in the testes?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male reproductive organ is primarily responsible for producing sperm cells and testosterone?

    <p>Testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Produce semen components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure ensures that the testes are at an optimal temperature for sperm production?

    <p>Scrotum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the vas deferens (sperm duct) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Facilitate sperm transport to the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of testosterone in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Driving the division of diploid germinal epithelial cells in the testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Containing enzymes for fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the thickening of the endometrium in preparation for embryo implantation?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of three out of four haploid cells produced during oogenesis?

    <p>Degenerate and do not survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

    <p>Follicular Phase (Days 8-13)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male reproductive gland produces an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic environment of the vagina to protect sperm?

    <p>Prostate Gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Lubricates the urethra and neutralizes acidic urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male puberty phase is primarily stimulated by testosterone?

    <p>Initiation of sperm cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In females, what hormone primarily drives puberty and stimulates growth in sex organs?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does spermatogenesis, the process of sperm cell production, mainly occur in males?

    <p>Testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovaries?

    <p>Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage does the zygote develop into a blastocyst?

    <p>Implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the chorionic villi in pregnancy?

    <p>Contribute to placenta formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does implantation of the blastocyst occur?

    <p>Uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does LH levels peak during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Around day 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure carries deoxygenated blood from the embryo to the placenta?

    <p>Umbilical arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the umbilical vein in the placenta?

    <p>Carries oxygenated blood to the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do genes contain the code for?

    <p>Specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what term refers to different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept involves a genetic cross focusing on the inheritance of single traits?

    <p>Monohybrid Cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In incomplete dominance, what happens when two alleles are present?

    <p>One allele is partially dominant over the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For an individual with AB blood type, which genetic concept explains why both A and B antigens are present?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits like haemophilia more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have one X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic consequence of a male inheriting the recessive Xh allele for haemophilia?

    <p>The male always develops severe haemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected phenotypic ratio for males and females in a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX)?

    <p>1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing the trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do special shading patterns in sex-linked traits in pedigree diagrams help differentiate?

    <p>Affected males and females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one deduce a recessive trait in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>If the trait skips generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if a trait is expressed even if only one copy of the allele is present?

    <p>The trait is dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do vertical lines leading downwards to symbols in a pedigree diagram represent?

    <p>Offspring of the connected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis for color-blindness?

    <p>Recessive allele Xb located on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In blood grouping, what does the allele i represent?

    <p>Blood type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are alleles IA and IB related in blood grouping?

    <p>IA and IB are co-dominant to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a genotype of ii represent in blood grouping?

    <p>Blood type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept explains the inheritance of plant height and flower color in Mendel's pea plants?

    <p>Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do sperm cells mature and are stored after being produced in the testes?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male reproductive organ is responsible for producing sperm cells and the hormone testosterone?

    <p>Testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Transports sperm from epididymis to urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male reproductive gland is attached to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder?

    <p>Seminal Vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Maintaining optimal temperature for sperm production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Neutralizes acidic urine in the urethra and lubricates for sperm passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male hormone plays crucial roles in the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the site of fertilization in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Fallopian Tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Contains enzymes for penetrating the egg cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which female hormone primarily drives puberty and stimulates growth in sex organs?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dominance occurs when neither allele completely masks the other, resulting in an intermediate phenotype?

    <p>Incomplete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pea plants, if a plant has a genotype of Tt, what trait will be visible based on the genetic information provided?

    <p>Tall stems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates co-dominance where both alleles are fully expressed without blending?

    <p>Blood type AB in humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of a couple having a baby girl after having three sons based on Mendelian genetics?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex chromosome is more commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders due to carrying more genes?

    <p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which allele is responsible for the O blood type in humans?

    <p>i</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of blood grouping, what does the IA allele represent?

    <p>Blood type A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic condition is analogous to color-blindness in terms of inheritance?

    <p>Hemophilia in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are alleles IA and IB related to each other in blood grouping?

    <p>Co-dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of a color-blind female?

    <p>XbXb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the umbilical vein in the placenta?

    <p>Carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous organisms?

    <p>Homozygous organisms have two identical alleles, while heterozygous organisms have different alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Dominance state in genetics?

    <p>All individuals of the first generation will display the dominant trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of genes in inheritance?

    <p>Determining an organism's specific characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of monohybrid crosses in genetics?

    <p>They focus on inheritance of single traits from parents to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During spermatogenesis, what is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Contains enzymes for egg penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the thickening of the endometrium in the uterus during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chromosome composition of a mature sperm cell?

    <p>23 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Promotes development of ovarian follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure protects the egg and provides essential nutrients during early developmental stages post-fertilization?

    <p>Layer of jelly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovaries?

    <p>Luteinizing Hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After fertilization, what is the next developmental stage after the morula?

    <p>Blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of gestation is the embryo referred to as a fetus?

    <p>After 12 weeks of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the chorion in the development of the blastocyst?

    <p>Forms the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does implantation occur during the process of fertilization and development?

    <p>Uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do special symbols or shading patterns in sex-linked traits on a pedigree diagram help differentiate?

    <p>Affected and unaffected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you determine whether a trait is likely dominant or recessive based on its appearance in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>If the trait skips generations, it is likely dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a horizontal line connecting a square and a circle represent in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>Mating between two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing pedigree diagrams, what does it indicate if two parents do not express a recessive trait but their child does?

    <p>Both parents are heterozygous carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Cowper's Gland in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Neutralization of acidic urine in the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for driving female puberty?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Contains enzymes for penetrating the egg cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Fallopian Tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male secondary sexual characteristic is primarily influenced by the hormone testosterone?

    <p>Emergence of body hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are sperm cells stored after being produced in the testes?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male reproductive organ is responsible for maintaining sperm at a temperature slightly lower than the body's core temperature?

    <p>Testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Transporting sperm to the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is attached to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Seminal Vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the urethra in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Expelling semen and urine out of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of testosterone in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Induces meiotic division of diploid germinal epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During oogenesis, what is the primary function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

    <p>Initiates meiosis in a follicle each cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Produces progesterone to support potential embryo implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in a sperm cell is responsible for propelling it towards the egg for fertilization?

    <p>Tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a sperm cell carrying either an X or a Y chromosome?

    <p>Determines the sex of the offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of the follicle in the ovaries?

    <p>Follicle-Stimulating Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ovulation, which hormone's levels peak around day 14, triggering the release of the egg from the ovary?

    <p>Luteinizing Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After ovulation, which hormone is primarily responsible for preparing the endometrium for a potential pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the chorion during the development of a blastocyst in pregnancy?

    <p>Forms extra-embryonic membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX), what is the probability of having a male offspring?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sex-linked inheritance, why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males carry only one copy of the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes haemophilia as a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>It is caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do co-dominance and incomplete dominance differ?

    <p>Co-dominance results in an intermediate phenotype, whereas incomplete dominance shows both traits without blending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis for color-blindness in terms of sex-linked inheritance?

    <p>It is caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the umbilical cord in the placenta-embryo connection?

    <p>To carry deoxygenated blood from the embryo to the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alleles in genetics?

    <p>They are different forms of a gene occurring at the same locus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenotype will be expressed in an individual with a heterozygous genotype for a dominant and recessive allele?

    <p>The phenotype corresponding to the dominant allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept behind Mendel's Principle of Segregation?

    <p>An individual has two alleles for any trait, and these alleles segregate during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does complete dominance occur in genetics?

    <p>When the recessive allele is completely masked by the dominant allele in the heterozygous condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes color-blindness and haemophilia?

    <p>A recessive allele located on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of blood grouping, what happens when an individual inherits both IA and IB alleles?

    <p>Expresses blood type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do blood types A and B differ from blood type O in terms of genotypes?

    <p>Blood types A and B have dominant genotypes, while O has a recessive genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of dihybrid crosses relate to Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?

    <p>It shows that alleles of different genes separate independently during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic lineages or pedigree diagrams, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a specific trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols in a pedigree diagram represent?

    <p>Mating between two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of paternity testing through blood groups compared to DNA profiling?

    <p>DNA profiling can provide a unique match confirming paternity more accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one determine if a trait in a genetic lineage is likely dominant or recessive?

    <p>By the presence of the trait in every generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be deduced about individuals expressing recessive traits in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>They must have homozygous recessive genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are pedigree diagrams useful tools in genetics?

    <p>To trace the inheritance of characteristics over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Cowper’s Gland in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Neutralizing acidic urine in the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which female reproductive organ is responsible for transporting egg cells from the ovary to the uterus?

    <p>Fallopian Tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During male puberty, what is primarily stimulated by the hormone testosterone?

    <p>Development of male sex organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the acrosome in a sperm cell during fertilization?

    <p>Contain enzymes for penetrating the egg cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which female reproductive structure serves as a birth canal and passage for menstrual blood?

    <p>Vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovaries?

    <p>Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for triggering ovulation around day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Luteinizing Hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After ovulation, what hormone is primarily responsible for preparing the endometrium for potential pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fertilization, what is the result of the fusion of a haploid ovum and a sperm cell?

    <p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer membrane of the blastocyst called, which extends into the endometrium to contribute to placenta formation?

    <p>Chorion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of testosterone in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Promoting the division of diploid germinal epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum secrete progesterone?

    <p>Luteal Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Containing enzymes for egg penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the thickening of the endometrium in the uterus during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the jelly layer surrounding an ovum?

    <p>Safeguarding the egg during early developmental stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Storage of mature sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the seminal vesicles located in relation to the bladder in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Attached to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Transportation of sperm from testes to urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the male reproductive system ensures that sperm remains at a temperature slightly lower than the body's core temperature?

    <p>Scrotum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the urethra in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Expelling semen and urine out of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the embryo to the placenta?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the genotype of an organism based on?

    <p>DNA content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept in genetics involves having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic situation called where both alleles are equally expressed in the phenotype?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary genetic consequence for a male inheriting the Xb allele for color-blindness?

    <p>Higher chance of being color-blind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the blood grouping system, what is the result when an individual inherits both the IA and IB alleles?

    <p>Blood type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type results when an individual possesses two recessive i alleles?

    <p>Blood type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do parents with genotype IBi each produce a child with blood group O?

    <p>Through inheritance of two recessive i alleles by the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dihybrid crosses, what principle states that alleles of different genes separate independently during gamete formation?

    <p>Law of Independent Assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pedigree diagrams, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a trait skips generations in a pedigree diagram, what is it likely to be?

    <p>Recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To trace the inheritance of characteristics over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it indicate if two parents do not express a trait but their child does in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>Both parents are carriers of the trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one determine whether a trait in a pedigree diagram is dominant or recessive?

    <p>By observing if the trait appears in every generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dominance is observed when neither allele completely masks the other, resulting in an intermediate phenotype in heterozygous individuals?

    <p>Incomplete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a heterozygous individual exhibiting incomplete dominance, what phenotypic ratio would be expected in the offspring?

    <p>2:1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept explains the simultaneous expression of both A and B blood type antigens in an individual with AB blood type?

    <p>Co-Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a female is a carrier of a sex-linked disorder like haemophilia, what would be her genotype?

    <p>XHXh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetic cross between a male with genotype XY and a female with genotype XX, what is the probability of having a female offspring?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Storage and maturation of sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the male reproductive system is responsible for maintaining sperm at a temperature slightly lower than the body's core temperature?

    <p>Scrotum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Vas Deferens (Sperm Duct) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Transport of sperm to the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male reproductive gland is attached to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder?

    <p>Seminal Vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dual function of the Urethra in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Expelling semen and urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the placenta to the embryo?

    <p>Umbilical vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the primary function of chromosomes?

    <p>Store genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept explains that an organism has two alleles for a particular trait and these alleles segregate during gamete formation?

    <p>Law of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic inheritance involves both alleles being equally expressed in the phenotype?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Cowper's Glands in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Neutralizing acidic urine in the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a sperm cell contains the enzymes crucial for penetrating the egg cell during fertilization?

    <p>Acrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the start of the menstrual cycle and the production of ova occur in females?

    <p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the testosterone hormone in male puberty?

    <p>Development of male sex organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the ovaries and plays a crucial role in female puberty?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the chorionic villi in the uterus?

    <p>Contribute to placenta formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of the menstrual cycle does LH levels peak, triggering ovulation?

    <p>Day 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the fusion between a haploid ovum and a sperm cell?

    <p>Formation of zygote with 23 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for preparing the endometrium for pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Releasing enzymes for fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the development of the morula during fertilization?

    <p>Continuous mitotic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the thickening of the endometrium in the uterus during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur?

    <p>Luteal Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of an ovum contains a haploid nucleus with 22 autosomes and one X chromosome?

    <p>Nucleus ready for fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if fertilization does not occur after ovulation in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>The corpus luteum shrinks and stops producing progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept is exemplified by a condition where the inability of blood to clot properly is caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome?

    <p>Sex-linked inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetics, which scenario would most likely result in a 1:1 phenotypic ratio for male and female offspring in humans?

    <p>A genetic cross between a male with genotype XX and a female with genotype XY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept is demonstrated when both A and B alleles for blood type are equally expressed in an individual, resulting in the AB blood type?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely outcome if a female with genotype XHXh mates with a male who has normal blood clotting (genotype XhY)?

    <p>Some offspring will have hemophilia while others will be carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic mechanism leads to traits like red-green color blindness being more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>X-linked dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symbols are typically used to represent individuals expressing a particular trait in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Shaded symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step would you take first when analyzing a pedigree to determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive?

    <p>Identify the genotypes of parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what does a vertical line connecting two symbols represent?

    <p>Mating between individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be deduced if a trait shows up in every generation in a pedigree?

    <p>The trait is likely dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you identify carriers of recessive traits in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>By examining unshaded symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of blood grouping, what is the phenotype of an individual with genotype IAIB?

    <p>Blood type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals with blood type AB inherit their alleles?

    <p>AB is a result of co-dominance between IA and IB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood group of a child with parents who are both genotype IBi?

    <p>Blood type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the inheritance of blood types differ from that of color-blindness?

    <p>Color-blindness is controlled by one gene, while blood types are controlled by multiple genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotype of an individual with genotype XBXb in terms of color vision?

    <p>Carrier of color-blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Production of mucus-like fluid to lubricate the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the sperm cell contains enzymes crucial for penetrating the egg cell during fertilization?

    <p>Acrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Fallopian Tubes in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Transport of egg cells from the ovary to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily stimulates male puberty phase and sexual organ growth?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Uterus in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Housing and protecting the embryo and fetus during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Containing enzymes for penetrating the egg during fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During spermatogenesis, what is the chromosome composition of a mature haploid sperm cell?

    <p>23 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In oogenesis, what happens to the three cells that degenerate during meiosis?

    <p>They contribute cytoplasm to the remaining ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the transformation of the ruptured Graafian follicle into the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Secretion of estrogen by the corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are sperm cells primarily produced in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Transport sperm from the epididymis to the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic condition demonstrates the concept of co-dominance in blood grouping?

    <p>Blood grouping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a female inherits two recessive Xb alleles for color-blindness, what is her genotype?

    <p>XbXb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for attaching to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Seminal Vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dual purpose of the urethra in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Expel semen and urine out of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving Mendel's pea plants, if one parent has the genotype TTPP and the other parent has the genotype TtPp, what are the possible genotypes of their offspring?

    <p>TTPP, TtPP, TtPp, ttpp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which structure are the testes suspended to maintain sperm at a temperature lower than the body's core?

    <p>Scrotum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely blood type of an individual with the genotype ii?

    <p>O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic inheritance pattern seen in males for color-blindness and haemophilia?

    <p>Sex-linked recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetics cross involving incomplete dominance, what is the expected phenotype in the offspring when a red flower (RR) is crossed with a white flower (rr)?

    <p>All offspring will have pink flowers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotypic ratio expected in a monohybrid cross involving complete dominance where both parents are heterozygous?

    <p>1 TT : 1 Tt : 1 tt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio expected in a co-dominant inheritance pattern where a person with type AB blood mates with a person who has type O blood?

    <p>1:2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sex-linked inheritance, why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than females?

    <p>Males have one X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the male baby's chances of inheriting haemophilia differ if the mother has the genotype XHXh versus XhXh?

    <p>Higher if the mother is XhXh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a recessive trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of analyzing pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Tracing the inheritance of characteristics over multiple generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you deduce if a trait in a pedigree diagram is likely dominant?

    <p>When the trait shows up in every generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis I involves homologous chromosome pairs lining up on the equator?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do special symbols or shading patterns in a pedigree diagram help differentiate in sex-linked traits?

    <p>Affected males from affected females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the umbilical artery in the context of the placenta and umbilical cord?

    <p>To carry deoxygenated blood from the embryo to the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Law of Dominance influence the phenotype of heterozygous individuals according to the text?

    <p>It causes only the dominant trait to be expressed in the phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alleles at the same locus according to genetics concepts outlined in the text?

    <p>To provide alternative forms of a gene affecting trait expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to genetics, what characteristic defines an organism as heterozygous?

    <p>Having two different alleles for a specific gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental difference between chromatin and chromosomes according to genetic concepts discussed in the text?

    <p>Chromosomes are condensed forms of DNA while chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of LH in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Triggers ovulation and corpus luteum formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During copulation and fertilization, where does the zygote typically form?

    <p>In the fallopian tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the continuous mitotic division of the zygote while moving down the fallopian tube?

    <p>Development into a morula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during implantation of the blastocyst into the uterus?

    <p>Softening of a portion of the uterine wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chorionic villi during fetal development?

    <p>Extend into the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Neutralizing acidic urine in the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Carries enzymes for penetrating the egg cell during fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which female reproductive structure is responsible for transporting egg cells from the ovary to the uterus?

    <p>Fallopian Tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone primarily drives female puberty?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are sperm cells produced in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male secondary sexual characteristic is primarily developed due to testosterone?

    <p>Muscle mass increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Regulating temperature for sperm production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the male reproductive system is responsible for expelling semen and urine?

    <p>Urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Transporting sperm to the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the male reproductive system is crucial for producing testosterone?

    <p>Testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Contains enzymes critical for penetrating the egg's outer layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the umbilical vein in the placenta?

    <p>Carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept involves a segment of DNA that contains the code for a specific trait?

    <p>Genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, which term refers to having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept describes an organism with two different alleles for a particular trait?

    <p>Heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic principle explains why individuals display dominant traits when heterozygous for a characteristic?

    <p>Law of Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After ovulation, what hormone initially decreases before slightly increasing and then dropping towards the end of the cycle?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in preparation for pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of events in the development of a blastocyst?

    <p>Zygote -&gt; Morula -&gt; Blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during implantation in the development of the blastocyst?

    <p>Embedding into the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetics cross between two pea plants with genotypes TT (tall stems) and tt (short stems), what would be the genotype ratio of their offspring?

    <p>1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio expected when a red-flowered plant (RR) is crossed with a white-flowered plant (rr) that exhibits incomplete dominance?

    <p>2 pink : 2 red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes Co-Dominance?

    <p>Both alleles in the pair are fully expressed without blending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of sex-linked disorders, like haemophilia, in males compared to females?

    <p>Males are more commonly affected due to having one X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes males to be more susceptible to X-linked traits and disorders compared to females?

    <p>Having one X chromosome with fewer genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is color-blindness similar to haemophilia in terms of inheritance?

    <p>Both are caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the blood grouping system, which allele is co-dominant with IA?

    <p>IB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Law of Independent Assortment in dihybrid crosses?

    <p>Genes located on different chromosomes will always segregate independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA profiling in establishing paternity?

    <p>To compare the DNA of the child with that of the mother and potential father.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dihybrid crosses, what does it mean when two characteristics are considered to be inherited independently?

    <p>The traits are located on different chromosomes and segregate independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using Punnett squares in genetics?

    <p>To determine the offspring phenotypes based on parental genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pedigree diagrams, what does a vertical line connecting symbols represent?

    <p>The mating between two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one identify whether a trait in a pedigree diagram is likely dominant or recessive?

    <p>By observing if the trait skips generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it indicate in a pedigree diagram if two parents do not express a trait but their child does?

    <p>Both parents are heterozygous carriers for the trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are shaded symbols used in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To represent individuals expressing dominant traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

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