Meiosis and Mitosis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which sex cells are produced, leading to a half chromosome count?

  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Nondisjunction
  • Karyotype analysis
  • Mitosis

    • Humans are haploid organisms.

    False

    What is the term used for an individual's complete set of chromosomes?

    Karyotype

    Meiosis results in cells that are _____ in terms of chromosome number compared to the parent cells.

    <p>haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to chromosome structure:

    <p>Diploid = Two complete sets of chromosomes Haploid = Single set of chromosomes Homologous chromosomes = Matched pairs from each parent Chiasmata = Sites of crossing over during meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are produced through meiosis?

    <p>Gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crossing over occurs during mitosis to increase genetic variation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Recombinant chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that separates DNA fragments based on their size?

    <p>Gel electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A DNA profile that matches the suspect proves they committed the crime.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sections of DNA that are cut out during profiling called?

    <p>restriction fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The shorter DNA fragments move ______ than the longer fragments in gel electrophoresis.

    <p>faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Restriction Fragments = Pieces of DNA cut by enzymes Paternity Testing = Determining parental relationships Gel Electrophoresis = Technique to separate DNA fragments Fluorescent Image = Reveal the pattern of DNA distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be determined using DNA profiles in medical cases?

    <p>Parental relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of natural selection states that only the strongest survive in a population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do restriction enzymes play in DNA profiling?

    <p>They cut DNA into restriction fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the physical appearance of an organism?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homozygous organisms possess two different alleles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

    <p>To determine the possible genotypes of offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The technique used to amplify small DNA samples is called ______.

    <p>polymerase chain reaction (PCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method for DNA profiling?

    <p>Restriction enzyme digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following DNA sample sources with their description:

    <p>Blood = Common sample used for DNA testing Hair = Contains DNA from the root Saliva = Contains cells from the mouth Semen = Contains sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chances of two individuals having the same DNA profile are very high.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who invented the process of DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>Alec Jeffreys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Meiosis and Cell Division

    • Meiosis produces gametes (sex cells) with half the chromosome number (haploid).
    • Ovaries produce female gametes; testicles produce male gametes.
    • Daughter cells from meiosis end up with half the chromosomes of parent cells.

    Karyotype

    • Represents an individual's complete set of chromosomes in a lab-produced image.
    • Useful for identifying abnormalities in chromosome number or structure.

    Chromosome Terms

    • Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during meiosis at chiasmata.
    • Ploidy: Refers to the number of sets of homologous chromosomes in cells.
    • Haploid Cells: Contain a single set of chromosomes (23 in human gametes).
    • Diploid Cells: Contain two complete sets of chromosomes (46 total in humans from fertilization).

    Genetic Definitions

    • Phenotype: Physical appearance of an organism, described in words (e.g., brown eyes).
    • Genotype: Genetic makeup represented with letters (e.g., BB).
    • Homozygous: Organism has two identical alleles (e.g., YY or yy).
    • Heterozygous: Organism has different alleles.

    Punnett Squares

    • Standard tool for predicting possible offspring genotypes from parental genotype combinations.

    DNA Profiling

    • Distinguishes individuals using DNA samples; highly specific.
    • Developed by Alec Jeffreys in 1985 for forensic science.
    • The probability of two people sharing the same DNA profile is extremely low (30 billion to 1).

    DNA Profiling Steps

    • Step 1: DNA is released from cells and can be amplified using PCR if in small amounts.
    • Step 2: DNA is cut into fragments by restriction enzymes at specific sequences.
    • Step 3: Fragment sizes are separated using gel electrophoresis; shorter fragments move faster.
    • Step 4: A fluorescent image of the fragmented DNA pattern is obtained for analysis.

    Forensic Applications

    • DNA profiles help link suspects to crime scenes but do not prove guilt.
    • Can determine biological relationships (paternity/maternity) useful in legal matters.

    Natural Selection

    • Highlights the survival of populations best adapted to their environment.

    Codominance and Incomplete Dominance

    • Concepts in genetics where both alleles can be expressed in a phenotype (codominance) or blend in the phenotype (incomplete dominance).

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    Cellular Respiration and DNA Science Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the processes of meiosis and mitosis in detail. This quiz delves into how sex cells are produced and the division mechanisms involved in these cellular processes. Understand the significance of haploid and diploid cells in reproduction.

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