Cell Biology: Meiosis and Mitosis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the main benefits of meiosis?

  • Creation of new gene combinations (correct)
  • Replication of all DNA
  • Production of identical daughter cells
  • Direct cell repair

What happens to the chromosome number during the first division of meiosis?

  • It triples
  • It is reduced by half (correct)
  • It is doubled
  • It is unchanged

Which phase of meiosis involves the crossing over of chromosomes?

  • Metaphase I
  • Telophase II
  • Anaphase II
  • Prophase I (correct)

After completing meiosis, how many chromosomes do each of the four daughter cells contain if the mother cell originally had 6 chromosomes?

<p>3 chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of the mitotic spindle during cell division?

<p>To facilitate chromosome alignment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does H1 play in chromatin structure?

<p>Promotes DNA condensation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microtubules is responsible for connecting with the centrioles during mitosis?

<p>Polar microtubules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis are the chromosomes arranged at the equator of the cell?

<p>Metaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of kinetochores in cell division?

<p>To connect chromosomes to microtubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the composition of the mitotic spindle?

<p>Three types of microtubules including polar, kinetochore, and astral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chromosome number in daughter cells after mitosis if the mother cell has 6 chromosomes?

<p>Remains 6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much reduction in DNA length occurs due to the formation of a solenoid compared to the nucleosome?

<p>Six times (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of loop-like structures formed during the tertiary level of chromatin organization?

<p>20 - 80,000 nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes polyten chromosomes?

<p>They are thicker due to repeated replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chromosomal activity during prophase I of meiosis?

<p>To synthesize mRNA for egg protein production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the replication rate of DNA differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

<p>Prokaryotes have a replication rate of 500 bp/s. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what phase of meiosis do lamp brush chromosomes form?

<p>Prophase I. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of transcription in the flow of information?

<p>RNA production from DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes chromatin during interphase compared to metaphase?

<p>Interphase chromatin is more accessible for transcription. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromosomes are characterized by being transcriptionally active and found in amphibians?

<p>Lampbrush chromosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the mitotic spindle's function during cell division?

<p>It helps segregate chromatid pairs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Meiosis definition

Meiosis is the process of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating gametes (sex cells).

Meiosis benefit 1

Meiosis creates new combinations of genes, mixing maternal and paternal DNA.

Meiosis benefit 2

Meiosis helps overcome harmful genes, introducing healthy alleles into the next generation.

Chromosomes in meiosis

If a cell begins with 6 chromosomes, meiosis results in 4 cells, each with 3 chromosomes.

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Meiosis stages

Meiosis has two divisions (M1 and M2) with stages like DNA replication, homologous chromosome separation, and sister chromatid separation.

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Nucleosome diameter

Nucleosomes, collected together, form a structure with a diameter of 30 nm.

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Solenoid Structure

A 30nm fiber formed by the coiling of nucleosomes; reduces DNA length by six-fold.

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Chromatin Loop Domains

Loop-like structures, 20-80,000 nucleotides long, that represent functionally active units.

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Mitotic Spindle Microtubules

The mitotic spindle has three types: astral, polar, and kinetochore microtubules.

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Astral Microtubules

Microtubules that point towards the cell periphery during mitosis and form the cytocenter in daughter cells.

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Polar Microtubules

Microtubules that overlap and connect in the equatorial region of the mitotic spindle.

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Kinetochore Microtubules

Microtubules that connect to the kinetochore plates of chromosomes.

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Mitosis Chromosome Replication

In mitosis, chromosomes double, align at the equator, and then separate, resulting in two identical daughter cells.

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Lampbrush chromosomes

Large chromosomes found in amphibian oocytes during prophase I of meiosis; transcriptionally active, synthesizing mRNA for egg protein production.

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Meiosis

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. It's crucial for sexual reproduction.

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Polytene chromosomes

Large, repeated replicated chromosomes in insect larvae; characterized by multiple DNA strands and RNA synthesis, found in somatic cells.

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Polytene chromosome structure

Polytene chromosomes have repeating units called discs separated by interdisc spaces, which can have visible puffs (regions of active transcription).

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DNA Replication

The process of creating two identical DNA molecules from a single original DNA molecule.

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Transcription

The process of copying DNA information into RNA.

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Translation

The process of converting RNA information into protein.

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Replication rate (prokaryotes / eukaryotes)

Prokaryotes replicate DNA faster than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes – ~500 base pairs per second, whereas eukaryotes complete about 50 base pairs per second.

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