Meiosis and Genetic Diversity Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

  • Daughter cells have twice the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
  • Daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
  • Daughter cells have varying numbers of chromosomes.
  • Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. (correct)

Which phase of meiosis involves crossing over of homologous chromosomes?

  • Meiosis I (correct)
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
  • Meiosis II

How do meiosis and mitosis differ in their outcomes?

  • Both processes produce four identical daughter cells.
  • Mitosis produces four gametes; meiosis produces two somatic cells.
  • Mitosis produces haploid cells; meiosis produces diploid cells.
  • Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells; meiosis produces four non-identical gametes. (correct)

What process during meiosis increases genetic variability in gametes?

<p>Crossing over (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes across different forms of life according to common ancestry?

<p>They act as the site for protein synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Mendel's laws describes the separation of alleles during gamete formation?

<p>Law of segregation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are produced by meiosis?

<p>Gametes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the random assortment of chromosomes during meiosis contribute to?

<p>An increase in genetic variation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can deviations from Mendelian inheritance be identified statistically?

<p>By comparing observed ratios to predicted ratios (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes sex-linked traits?

<p>Traits that can be inherited through the X or Y chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phenotypic plasticity?

<p>The same genotype displaying different phenotypes in varying environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is mitochondrial inheritance characterized in animals?

<p>Maternal inheritance only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What result does independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis lead to?

<p>Greater genetic diversity in offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genes may appear to be genetically linked?

<p>Genes that are adjacent and close on the same chromosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may lead to a chromosomal disorder due to nondisjunction?

<p>Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does chloroplast inheritance differ in plants compared to animals?

<p>It is exclusively maternal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The influence of environmental factors on phenotype can lead to which of the following?

<p>Diverse phenotypes from the same genotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key concept in understanding chromosomal inheritance?

<p>Segregation and independent assortment of chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Meiosis

A type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half, producing four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Homologous chromosome separation in Meiosis I

The separation of homologous chromosome pairs during Meiosis I, ensures each gamete receives a unique mix of maternal and paternal chromosomes.

Crossing Over/Recombination

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I, creating new combinations of alleles and increasing genetic diversity.

Random Assortment of Chromosomes

The random alignment and subsequent separation of homologous chromosome pairs during Meiosis I.

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Fertilization

The process of combining two haploid gametes (sperm and egg) to form a diploid zygote, restoring the complete set of chromosomes and creating a unique combination of alleles from both parents.

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Law of Segregation

Mendel's law stating that each individual receives one allele (version of a gene) for each trait from each parent, and these alleles separate during gamete formation.

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Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel's law stating that alleles for different traits are inherited independently of each other, meaning the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another.

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Probability in Genetics

The application of probability rules to predict the inheritance patterns of single-gene traits from parents to offspring.

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Non-Mendelian Inheritance

A pattern of inheritance where traits do not follow the expected Mendelian ratios, often due to factors like sex-linked genes, multiple genes influencing a trait, or non-nuclear inheritance.

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Gene Linkage

Genes located close to each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, violating Mendel's principle of independent assortment.

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Sex-Linked Traits

Traits determined by genes located on sex chromosomes, usually the X chromosome in humans.

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Polygenic Traits

Traits influenced by multiple genes, often interacting with each other and environmental factors.

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Non-Nuclear Inheritance

Inheritance involving DNA outside the nucleus, such as in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

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Phenotypic Plasticity

The ability of a single genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental changes.

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Chi-Square Hypothesis Testing

A statistical test used to determine if observed results differ significantly from expected Mendelian ratios.

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Genetic Variation from Chromosomal Inheritance

Variation in offspring resulting from processes like segregation of chromosomes during meiosis, independent assortment of chromosomes, and the random combination of parental chromosomes during fertilization.

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Single-Gene Disorder

A human genetic disorder caused by a single faulty gene, such as sickle cell anemia or Huntington's disease.

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Chromosomal Disorders

Genetic disorders caused by abnormal chromosome numbers, such as Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), resulting from errors during cell division.

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Study Notes

Meiosis

  • Meiosis is a process creating haploid gametes from diploid organisms.
  • It involves two rounds of steps (meiosis I and II).
  • Daughter cells have half the chromosomes of the parent cell.
  • Meiosis ensures the transmission of chromosomes to the next generation.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

  • Mitosis and meiosis share chromosome segregation mechanisms.
  • They differ in the number of cells produced and the genetic makeup of daughter cells.

Genetic Diversity

  • Meiosis increases genetic variation via:
    • Homologous chromosome separation, distributing maternal and paternal chromosomes.
    • Crossing over (recombination) during meiosis I.
  • Random chromosome assortment during meiosis (independent assortment).
  • Sexual reproduction (gamete formation, crossing over, random assortment, fertilization) increases variation.

Mendelian Genetics

  • DNA and RNA carry genetic information.
  • Ribosomes are universal to all life forms.
  • Genetic code and core metabolic pathways are conserved across life.
  • Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment apply to genes on different chromosomes.
  • Fertilization restores the diploid number, increases genetic variation by creating allele combinations.
  • Probability can analyze single-gene inheritance.
  • Patterns of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, linked) can be predicted using pedigrees.

Non-Mendelian Genetics

  • Many traits do not follow simple Mendelian ratios.
  • Quantitative analysis identifies deviations from predicted ratios.
  • Genes located close on same chromosomes (linked) may segregate together.
  • Genetic linkage can map distances.
  • Sex-linked traits are influenced by sex chromosomes.
  • Pedigrees show sex-linked inheritance patterns.
  • Multiple genes/processes create complex traits that don't follow Mendelian ratios.
  • Non-nuclear inheritance (chloroplasts, mitochondria):
    • Randomly partitioned to gametes/daughter cells.
    • Do not adhere to Mendelian laws.
    • Often maternally inherited in animals (mitochondria). -Often maternally inherited in plants (mitochondria and chloroplasts).
  • Chi-square hypothesis testing analyzes experimental data.

Environmental Effects on Phenotype

  • Environmental factors influence gene expression.
  • Phenotypic plasticity occurs when same genotypes result in different phenotypes in different environments.
  • Examples include human height/weight, flower color, animal fur, reptile sex determination, UV effects on melanin, yeast pheromones.

Chromosomal Inheritance

  • Segregation, independent assortment, and fertilization generate genetic variation.
  • Chromosomal inheritance explains gene transmission from parents to offspring.
  • Certain genetic disorders, like sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs, Huntington's, color blindness, and Down syndrome (Trisomy 21), arise from inherited alleles or chromosomal changes (e.g., nondisjunction).

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