120 Questions
What type of bacterium is Clostridium tetani?
Gram-positive
What is the source of tetanus?
Wound infection
What is the function of the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?
To prevent the release of neurotransmitters
How is tetanus typically diagnosed?
Through anamnese and typical symptoms
What is the primary cause of gas gangrene?
Bacterial infection by Clostridium perfringens
What is the preferred treatment for tetanus?
Antibiotics and symptom management
What is the result of the multiplication of Clostridia?
Dead or poorly perfused tissue
Why is vaccination against tetanus important?
Because it has a high mortality rate
What is the typical growth pattern of Clostridium tetani?
Slow growth, anaerobic, not fermenting sugars
What is the role of lecithinase in Clostridium perfringens infection?
To causing tissue necrosis
What is the primary site of infection for Clostridium perfringens?
Skin wounds
What is the purpose of administering tetanus-antitoxin?
To neutralize the toxin
What is the characteristic of Clostridium perfringens in culture?
Rapidly-growing with significant gas production
What is the purpose of the CAMP test in identifying Clostridium perfringens?
To confirm the presence of Clostridium perfringens
What is the primary cause of botulism?
Clostridium botulinum infection
What is the common source of Clostridium botulinum infection?
Contaminated preserved food
Which of the following bacteria form endospores?
Clostridium
What condition can Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) cure?
Clostridium difficile
Which bacteria is described as a saprophyte in soil and humus?
Clostridium
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a donor?
History of chronic constipation
Which bacteria can sometimes cause serious infections despite usually being a harmless commensal of the large intestine?
Clostridium
What should a donor avoid eating in the 5 days leading up to the FMT procedure?
Allergen foods
Which of the following groups are part of normal commensal flora of the oropharynx, GI, and UG tracts?
Clostridium, Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, Cutibacterium, Eubacterium
Which species of Clostridium is described as aerotolerant?
C. perfringens
What is one of the preparations for the recipient of the FMT?
Undergoing bowel preparation
Why is loperamide used in the FMT procedure for the recipient?
To hold the transplanted material
What enzyme activities are Clostridium species negative for?
Both katalase and oxidase
How do Gram-positive Clostridium bacilli appear under the microscope?
Thick rods with rounded ends
How can the FMT material be administered?
Nasogastrically or nasoduodenally
Which bacteria was formerly known as Propionibacterium?
Cutibacterium
What consent is required for the FMT procedure?
Informed consent for donor and acceptor
Which organization provides guidelines for correct manipulation and sample storage?
Hoge Gezondheidsraad (HGR)
What is a hallmark feature of Actinomyces visible in pus?
Yellow 'sulfur granules'
What is the primary characteristic of the cell wall of Actinomyces that distinguishes it from fungi?
Peptidoglycan
Which region is most commonly affected by actinomycosis caused by Actinomyces israelii?
Cervicofacial region
Which Actinomyces species is responsible for causing actinomycosis?
A. israelii
Which antibiotic therapy is typically required for treating actinomycosis?
Long antibiotic therapy (3-12 months)
Which environmental condition is necessary for Actinomyces to grow?
Anaerobic atmosphere
Why is it difficult to isolate Actinomyces from the oral cavity?
Due to the presence of other bacteria in the oral flora
What characteristic is observed in Actinomyces colonies after 5-10 days of culture?
White-yellow with irregular surface
What is the primary mechanism of botulism?
Inhibition of acetylcholine release
What is the primary source of botulism in humans?
Contaminated food
What is the characteristic of botulinum toxin?
Thermolabile and resistant to acidic pH
What is the primary method of diagnosing botulism?
Mouse bioassay
What is the treatment for botulism?
Antitoxin administration
What is the primary prevention method for botulism?
Proper food handling and sterilization
What is the characteristic of Clostridium botulinum?
Anaerobic and spore-forming
What is the primary site of infection for infant botulism?
Gastrointestinal tract
What characteristic do some Clostridia have that can lead to severe infections?
Production of toxins
In which environments are Clostridium species typically saprophytes?
Soil and humus
Which Clostridium species is described as aerotolerant?
Clostridium perfringens
What distinguishes Clostridium format under the microscope?
Thick, Gram-positive rods with rounded ends
What is a unique feature of Clostridium under aerobic conditions?
Some species can tolerate air
Which enzyme activities are Clostridium species negative for?
Catalase and oxidase
Which bacterial genus does not form endospores?
Actinomyces
Which bacteria is a strictly anaerobic organism?
Clostridium
Which enzyme produced by Clostridium perfringens contributes to additional tissue damage?
Hyaluronidase
What type of medium is used to culture Clostridium perfringens to observe double zone β-hemolysis?
Blood agar
Which serious gastrointestinal condition can Clostridium perfringens play an important role in?
Emphysematous cholecystitis
What is the result of the strong gas production by Clostridium perfringens in infected tissues?
Gas gangrene
What specific test can help identify Clostridium perfringens through its interaction with Streptococcus agalactiae?
CAMP-test
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with Clostridium perfringens food poisoning?
Abdominal cramps and diarrhea
Which of the following substances is utilized in the identification of Clostridium perfringens through sugar fermentation tests?
Cystine tryptic agar
Which condition is described as the necrosis and death of tissue caused by Clostridium perfringens?
Gangrene
What condition enhances the development of Clostridium tetani in a wound?
Poor blood circulation
Which geographical area is most likely to have Clostridium tetani spores?
Natural environments
What is the effect of the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?
Permanent muscle contraction
Which of the following describes the spore morphology of Clostridium tetani?
Termina, bulging spores giving a 'drumstick' appearance
What additional measure is often taken following a wound to ensure prevention of tetanus?
Administering a tetanus booster vaccine
Which temperature and duration are required to destroy Clostridium tetani spores?
100°C for 4 hours or 121°C for 15 minutes
What is the purpose of injecting tetanus-antitoxine in symptomatic tetanus treatment?
Neutralizing the neurotoxin
Why is systematic vaccination recommended in industrialized countries?
It significantly reduces the high mortality rate of tetanus
Which Clostridium species is associated with abdominal infections?
Clostridium ramosum
Which Clostridium species is linked to colon, breast, and blood cancers?
Clostridium septicum
What is the primary diagnostic test to detect C. difficile in fecal samples?
Cytotoxin test
Which of the following toxins produced by C. difficile causes damage to the intestinal mucosa?
Toxin A
In which age group is colonization of C. difficile at its highest?
Newborns up to 8 months
Which of the following agars is used for the selective isolation of C. difficile?
CCFA (Cycloserine Cefoxitin Fructose Agar)
Which substance is commonly detected using the sandwich ELISA for C. difficile?
Toxins A, B, and GDH
What is the preferred method of treatment for a C. difficile infection?
Oral vancomycin or metronidazole
What is the characteristic of Clostridium endospores?
They are resistant to heat and radiation
Which genus of bacteria is known to produce toxins?
Clostridium
What is the primary characteristic of anaerobic Gram-positive bacilli?
They are endospore-forming
What is the normal habitat of Clostridium species?
All of the above
What is the characteristic of Eubacterium?
It is a non-spore-forming bacterium
What is the primary characteristic of Cutibacterium?
It was formerly known as Propionibacterium
What is the characteristic of Actinomyces?
It is a non-spore-forming bacterium
What is the primary characteristic of Bifidobacterium?
It is a non-spore-forming bacterium
What is the primary purpose of administering loperamide in the FMT procedure?
To hold the transplanted material in the gut
What is the primary reason for excluding donors who have traveled to 'diarreegevoelige' landen in the past 6 months?
To prevent the transmission of enteropathogens
What is the primary benefit of using Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in treating Clostridium difficile infections?
It blocks the growth of pathogens that are resistant to multiple antibiotics
What is the primary importance of obtaining 'informed consent' from the recipient and donor in FMT?
To respect the autonomy of the recipient and donor
What is the primary purpose of screening the donor for certain medical conditions and medications?
To minimize the risk of transmitting enteropathogens
What is the primary reason for administering proton-pompremmers to the recipient in FMT?
To prevent zuurvorming in the stomach
What is the primary benefit of using FMT in treating recurrent Clostridium difficile infections?
It has been shown to be effective in curing recurrent CDI
What is the primary organization that provides guidelines for correct manipulation and sample storage in FMT?
Hoge Gezondheidsraad (HGR)
What is a common initial symptom of botulism?
dry mouth
Which toxinetypes cause botulism in humans?
toxins A, B, and E
Which characteristic allows botulinum toxin to survive in the stomach?
resistance to acidic conditions
What is the classification of Clostridium botulinum group II?
non-proteolytic bacteria
What is the typical result of neurotoxin production in botulism?
Paralysis of both motor and autonomic nerves
How is toxin typically isolated for the diagnosis of botulism?
Isolation from food remains and faeces
Which prevention method is crucial for avoiding botulism outbreaks?
Proper sterilization of food
Which group of Clostridium botulinum is associated with toxin type G?
Group IV
What enzyme activity is involved in the additional tissue damage in Clostridium perfringens infections?
Lecithinase
Which clinical condition is most associated with Clostridium perfringens due to poor blood supply in tissues?
Gas gangrene
What is the result of Clostridium perfringens' ability to produce high amounts of gas?
Double zone beta-hemolysis
Which test is used to identify Clostridium perfringens?
Reverse CAMP test
Which condition can be caused by Clostridium perfringens through food intoxication?
Enteritis with abdominal cramps and diarrhea
Which enzyme produced by Clostridium perfringens aids in the degradation of collagen in tissues?
Collagenase
What type of infection can Clostridium perfringens play an important role in, characterized by gas-producing bile duct inflammation?
Emphysematous cholecystitis
What kind of media and appearance can be used to culture Clostridium perfringens?
Blood agar with grey colonies
Which toxin produced by Clostridium difficile causes disruption of the cytoskeleton in intestinal epithelial cells?
Toxin B
What diagnostic technique is NOT used for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxins directly in stool samples?
Antibiogram
How can Clostridium difficile colonies be identified on Cycloserine Cefoxitin Fructose Agar (CCFA)?
Yellow colonies with horse stable odor
Which patient demographic is most commonly colonized by Clostridium difficile during the first 8 months of life?
Infants
Which laboratory test involves the use of HELA or VERO cell lines for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxins?
Cytotoxinetest
What is the primary intervention for treating severe pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile?
Administering oral vancomycin or metronidazole
Which technique can increase the sensitivity of toxin identification when the initial toxin test on fecal samples is negative for Clostridium difficile?
Using a toxinogenic culture
Which of the following components is used in the selective media CCFA to isolate Clostridium difficile?
Cycloserine and cefoxitin
This quiz covers the theory of anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria, including Clostridium, Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, and Eubacterium. Learn about the characteristics and classification of these bacteria.
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