Medische Microbiologie: Anaërobe Grampositieve Bacillen
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Questions and Answers

What type of bacterium is Clostridium tetani?

  • Gram-positive (correct)
  • Fungus
  • Virus
  • Gram-negative

    • What is the source of tetanus?

  • Vector-borne disease
  • Food poisoning
  • Wound infection (correct)
  • Respiratory infection

    • What is the function of the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?

  • To prevent muscle contraction
  • To stimulate muscle contraction
  • To prevent the release of neurotransmitters (correct)
  • To increase the release of neurotransmitters

    • How is tetanus typically diagnosed?

    <p>Through anamnese and typical symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of gas gangrene?

    <p>Bacterial infection by Clostridium perfringens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred treatment for tetanus?

    <p>Antibiotics and symptom management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the multiplication of Clostridia?

    <p>Dead or poorly perfused tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is vaccination against tetanus important?

    <p>Because it has a high mortality rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical growth pattern of Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Slow growth, anaerobic, not fermenting sugars (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lecithinase in Clostridium perfringens infection?

    <p>To causing tissue necrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of infection for Clostridium perfringens?

    <p>Skin wounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of administering tetanus-antitoxin?

    <p>To neutralize the toxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Clostridium perfringens in culture?

    <p>Rapidly-growing with significant gas production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the CAMP test in identifying Clostridium perfringens?

    <p>To confirm the presence of Clostridium perfringens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of botulism?

    <p>Clostridium botulinum infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common source of Clostridium botulinum infection?

    <p>Contaminated preserved food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria form endospores?

    <p>Clostridium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) cure?

    <p>Clostridium difficile (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is described as a saprophyte in soil and humus?

    <p>Clostridium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a donor?

    <p>History of chronic constipation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria can sometimes cause serious infections despite usually being a harmless commensal of the large intestine?

    <p>Clostridium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a donor avoid eating in the 5 days leading up to the FMT procedure?

    <p>Allergen foods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups are part of normal commensal flora of the oropharynx, GI, and UG tracts?

    <p>Clostridium, Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, Cutibacterium, Eubacterium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Clostridium is described as aerotolerant?

    <p>C. perfringens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the preparations for the recipient of the FMT?

    <p>Undergoing bowel preparation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is loperamide used in the FMT procedure for the recipient?

    <p>To hold the transplanted material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme activities are Clostridium species negative for?

    <p>Both katalase and oxidase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Gram-positive Clostridium bacilli appear under the microscope?

    <p>Thick rods with rounded ends (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the FMT material be administered?

    <p>Nasogastrically or nasoduodenally (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria was formerly known as Propionibacterium?

    <p>Cutibacterium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consent is required for the FMT procedure?

    <p>Informed consent for donor and acceptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization provides guidelines for correct manipulation and sample storage?

    <p>Hoge Gezondheidsraad (HGR) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark feature of Actinomyces visible in pus?

    <p>Yellow 'sulfur granules' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the cell wall of Actinomyces that distinguishes it from fungi?

    <p>Peptidoglycan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is most commonly affected by actinomycosis caused by Actinomyces israelii?

    <p>Cervicofacial region (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Actinomyces species is responsible for causing actinomycosis?

    <p>A. israelii (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic therapy is typically required for treating actinomycosis?

    <p>Long antibiotic therapy (3-12 months) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental condition is necessary for Actinomyces to grow?

    <p>Anaerobic atmosphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to isolate Actinomyces from the oral cavity?

    <p>Due to the presence of other bacteria in the oral flora (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is observed in Actinomyces colonies after 5-10 days of culture?

    <p>White-yellow with irregular surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of botulism?

    <p>Inhibition of acetylcholine release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of botulism in humans?

    <p>Contaminated food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of botulinum toxin?

    <p>Thermolabile and resistant to acidic pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of diagnosing botulism?

    <p>Mouse bioassay (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for botulism?

    <p>Antitoxin administration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary prevention method for botulism?

    <p>Proper food handling and sterilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Clostridium botulinum?

    <p>Anaerobic and spore-forming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of infection for infant botulism?

    <p>Gastrointestinal tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do some Clostridia have that can lead to severe infections?

    <p>Production of toxins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which environments are Clostridium species typically saprophytes?

    <p>Soil and humus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Clostridium species is described as aerotolerant?

    <p>Clostridium perfringens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Clostridium format under the microscope?

    <p>Thick, Gram-positive rods with rounded ends (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of Clostridium under aerobic conditions?

    <p>Some species can tolerate air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme activities are Clostridium species negative for?

    <p>Catalase and oxidase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial genus does not form endospores?

    <p>Actinomyces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is a strictly anaerobic organism?

    <p>Clostridium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme produced by Clostridium perfringens contributes to additional tissue damage?

    <p>Hyaluronidase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medium is used to culture Clostridium perfringens to observe double zone β-hemolysis?

    <p>Blood agar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serious gastrointestinal condition can Clostridium perfringens play an important role in?

    <p>Emphysematous cholecystitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the strong gas production by Clostridium perfringens in infected tissues?

    <p>Gas gangrene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific test can help identify Clostridium perfringens through its interaction with Streptococcus agalactiae?

    <p>CAMP-test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with Clostridium perfringens food poisoning?

    <p>Abdominal cramps and diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is utilized in the identification of Clostridium perfringens through sugar fermentation tests?

    <p>Cystine tryptic agar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is described as the necrosis and death of tissue caused by Clostridium perfringens?

    <p>Gangrene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition enhances the development of Clostridium tetani in a wound?

    <p>Poor blood circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geographical area is most likely to have Clostridium tetani spores?

    <p>Natural environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Permanent muscle contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the spore morphology of Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Termina, bulging spores giving a 'drumstick' appearance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional measure is often taken following a wound to ensure prevention of tetanus?

    <p>Administering a tetanus booster vaccine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperature and duration are required to destroy Clostridium tetani spores?

    <p>100°C for 4 hours or 121°C for 15 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of injecting tetanus-antitoxine in symptomatic tetanus treatment?

    <p>Neutralizing the neurotoxin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is systematic vaccination recommended in industrialized countries?

    <p>It significantly reduces the high mortality rate of tetanus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Clostridium species is associated with abdominal infections?

    <p>Clostridium ramosum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Clostridium species is linked to colon, breast, and blood cancers?

    <p>Clostridium septicum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary diagnostic test to detect C. difficile in fecal samples?

    <p>Cytotoxin test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following toxins produced by C. difficile causes damage to the intestinal mucosa?

    <p>Toxin A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age group is colonization of C. difficile at its highest?

    <p>Newborns up to 8 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agars is used for the selective isolation of C. difficile?

    <p>CCFA (Cycloserine Cefoxitin Fructose Agar) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is commonly detected using the sandwich ELISA for C. difficile?

    <p>Toxins A, B, and GDH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred method of treatment for a C. difficile infection?

    <p>Oral vancomycin or metronidazole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Clostridium endospores?

    <p>They are resistant to heat and radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genus of bacteria is known to produce toxins?

    <p>Clostridium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of anaerobic Gram-positive bacilli?

    <p>They are endospore-forming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal habitat of Clostridium species?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Eubacterium?

    <p>It is a non-spore-forming bacterium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Cutibacterium?

    <p>It was formerly known as Propionibacterium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Actinomyces?

    <p>It is a non-spore-forming bacterium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Bifidobacterium?

    <p>It is a non-spore-forming bacterium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering loperamide in the FMT procedure?

    <p>To hold the transplanted material in the gut (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for excluding donors who have traveled to 'diarreegevoelige' landen in the past 6 months?

    <p>To prevent the transmission of enteropathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in treating Clostridium difficile infections?

    <p>It blocks the growth of pathogens that are resistant to multiple antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary importance of obtaining 'informed consent' from the recipient and donor in FMT?

    <p>To respect the autonomy of the recipient and donor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of screening the donor for certain medical conditions and medications?

    <p>To minimize the risk of transmitting enteropathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for administering proton-pompremmers to the recipient in FMT?

    <p>To prevent zuurvorming in the stomach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using FMT in treating recurrent Clostridium difficile infections?

    <p>It has been shown to be effective in curing recurrent CDI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary organization that provides guidelines for correct manipulation and sample storage in FMT?

    <p>Hoge Gezondheidsraad (HGR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common initial symptom of botulism?

    <p>dry mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which toxinetypes cause botulism in humans?

    <p>toxins A, B, and E (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic allows botulinum toxin to survive in the stomach?

    <p>resistance to acidic conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Clostridium botulinum group II?

    <p>non-proteolytic bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical result of neurotoxin production in botulism?

    <p>Paralysis of both motor and autonomic nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is toxin typically isolated for the diagnosis of botulism?

    <p>Isolation from food remains and faeces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prevention method is crucial for avoiding botulism outbreaks?

    <p>Proper sterilization of food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of Clostridium botulinum is associated with toxin type G?

    <p>Group IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme activity is involved in the additional tissue damage in Clostridium perfringens infections?

    <p>Lecithinase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical condition is most associated with Clostridium perfringens due to poor blood supply in tissues?

    <p>Gas gangrene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Clostridium perfringens' ability to produce high amounts of gas?

    <p>Double zone beta-hemolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to identify Clostridium perfringens?

    <p>Reverse CAMP test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can be caused by Clostridium perfringens through food intoxication?

    <p>Enteritis with abdominal cramps and diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme produced by Clostridium perfringens aids in the degradation of collagen in tissues?

    <p>Collagenase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection can Clostridium perfringens play an important role in, characterized by gas-producing bile duct inflammation?

    <p>Emphysematous cholecystitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of media and appearance can be used to culture Clostridium perfringens?

    <p>Blood agar with grey colonies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which toxin produced by Clostridium difficile causes disruption of the cytoskeleton in intestinal epithelial cells?

    <p>Toxin B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic technique is NOT used for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxins directly in stool samples?

    <p>Antibiogram (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Clostridium difficile colonies be identified on Cycloserine Cefoxitin Fructose Agar (CCFA)?

    <p>Yellow colonies with horse stable odor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient demographic is most commonly colonized by Clostridium difficile during the first 8 months of life?

    <p>Infants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test involves the use of HELA or VERO cell lines for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxins?

    <p>Cytotoxinetest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary intervention for treating severe pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile?

    <p>Administering oral vancomycin or metronidazole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can increase the sensitivity of toxin identification when the initial toxin test on fecal samples is negative for Clostridium difficile?

    <p>Using a toxinogenic culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is used in the selective media CCFA to isolate Clostridium difficile?

    <p>Cycloserine and cefoxitin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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