Medische Microbiologie: Anaërobe Grampositieve Bacillen
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Questions and Answers

What type of bacterium is Clostridium tetani?

  • Gram-positive (correct)
  • Fungus
  • Virus
  • Gram-negative

    • What is the source of tetanus?

  • Vector-borne disease
  • Food poisoning
  • Wound infection (correct)
  • Respiratory infection

    • What is the function of the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?

  • To prevent muscle contraction
  • To stimulate muscle contraction
  • To prevent the release of neurotransmitters (correct)
  • To increase the release of neurotransmitters

    • How is tetanus typically diagnosed?

    <p>Through anamnese and typical symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of gas gangrene?

    <p>Bacterial infection by Clostridium perfringens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred treatment for tetanus?

    <p>Antibiotics and symptom management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the multiplication of Clostridia?

    <p>Dead or poorly perfused tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is vaccination against tetanus important?

    <p>Because it has a high mortality rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical growth pattern of Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Slow growth, anaerobic, not fermenting sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lecithinase in Clostridium perfringens infection?

    <p>To causing tissue necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of infection for Clostridium perfringens?

    <p>Skin wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of administering tetanus-antitoxin?

    <p>To neutralize the toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Clostridium perfringens in culture?

    <p>Rapidly-growing with significant gas production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the CAMP test in identifying Clostridium perfringens?

    <p>To confirm the presence of Clostridium perfringens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of botulism?

    <p>Clostridium botulinum infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common source of Clostridium botulinum infection?

    <p>Contaminated preserved food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria form endospores?

    <p>Clostridium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) cure?

    <p>Clostridium difficile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is described as a saprophyte in soil and humus?

    <p>Clostridium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a donor?

    <p>History of chronic constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria can sometimes cause serious infections despite usually being a harmless commensal of the large intestine?

    <p>Clostridium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a donor avoid eating in the 5 days leading up to the FMT procedure?

    <p>Allergen foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups are part of normal commensal flora of the oropharynx, GI, and UG tracts?

    <p>Clostridium, Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, Cutibacterium, Eubacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Clostridium is described as aerotolerant?

    <p>C. perfringens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the preparations for the recipient of the FMT?

    <p>Undergoing bowel preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is loperamide used in the FMT procedure for the recipient?

    <p>To hold the transplanted material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme activities are Clostridium species negative for?

    <p>Both katalase and oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Gram-positive Clostridium bacilli appear under the microscope?

    <p>Thick rods with rounded ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the FMT material be administered?

    <p>Nasogastrically or nasoduodenally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria was formerly known as Propionibacterium?

    <p>Cutibacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consent is required for the FMT procedure?

    <p>Informed consent for donor and acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization provides guidelines for correct manipulation and sample storage?

    <p>Hoge Gezondheidsraad (HGR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark feature of Actinomyces visible in pus?

    <p>Yellow 'sulfur granules'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the cell wall of Actinomyces that distinguishes it from fungi?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is most commonly affected by actinomycosis caused by Actinomyces israelii?

    <p>Cervicofacial region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Actinomyces species is responsible for causing actinomycosis?

    <p>A. israelii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic therapy is typically required for treating actinomycosis?

    <p>Long antibiotic therapy (3-12 months)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental condition is necessary for Actinomyces to grow?

    <p>Anaerobic atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to isolate Actinomyces from the oral cavity?

    <p>Due to the presence of other bacteria in the oral flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is observed in Actinomyces colonies after 5-10 days of culture?

    <p>White-yellow with irregular surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of botulism?

    <p>Inhibition of acetylcholine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of botulism in humans?

    <p>Contaminated food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of botulinum toxin?

    <p>Thermolabile and resistant to acidic pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of diagnosing botulism?

    <p>Mouse bioassay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for botulism?

    <p>Antitoxin administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary prevention method for botulism?

    <p>Proper food handling and sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Clostridium botulinum?

    <p>Anaerobic and spore-forming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of infection for infant botulism?

    <p>Gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do some Clostridia have that can lead to severe infections?

    <p>Production of toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which environments are Clostridium species typically saprophytes?

    <p>Soil and humus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Clostridium species is described as aerotolerant?

    <p>Clostridium perfringens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Clostridium format under the microscope?

    <p>Thick, Gram-positive rods with rounded ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of Clostridium under aerobic conditions?

    <p>Some species can tolerate air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme activities are Clostridium species negative for?

    <p>Catalase and oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial genus does not form endospores?

    <p>Actinomyces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is a strictly anaerobic organism?

    <p>Clostridium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme produced by Clostridium perfringens contributes to additional tissue damage?

    <p>Hyaluronidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medium is used to culture Clostridium perfringens to observe double zone β-hemolysis?

    <p>Blood agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serious gastrointestinal condition can Clostridium perfringens play an important role in?

    <p>Emphysematous cholecystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the strong gas production by Clostridium perfringens in infected tissues?

    <p>Gas gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific test can help identify Clostridium perfringens through its interaction with Streptococcus agalactiae?

    <p>CAMP-test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with Clostridium perfringens food poisoning?

    <p>Abdominal cramps and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is utilized in the identification of Clostridium perfringens through sugar fermentation tests?

    <p>Cystine tryptic agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is described as the necrosis and death of tissue caused by Clostridium perfringens?

    <p>Gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition enhances the development of Clostridium tetani in a wound?

    <p>Poor blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geographical area is most likely to have Clostridium tetani spores?

    <p>Natural environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Permanent muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the spore morphology of Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Termina, bulging spores giving a 'drumstick' appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional measure is often taken following a wound to ensure prevention of tetanus?

    <p>Administering a tetanus booster vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperature and duration are required to destroy Clostridium tetani spores?

    <p>100°C for 4 hours or 121°C for 15 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of injecting tetanus-antitoxine in symptomatic tetanus treatment?

    <p>Neutralizing the neurotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is systematic vaccination recommended in industrialized countries?

    <p>It significantly reduces the high mortality rate of tetanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Clostridium species is associated with abdominal infections?

    <p>Clostridium ramosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Clostridium species is linked to colon, breast, and blood cancers?

    <p>Clostridium septicum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary diagnostic test to detect C. difficile in fecal samples?

    <p>Cytotoxin test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following toxins produced by C. difficile causes damage to the intestinal mucosa?

    <p>Toxin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age group is colonization of C. difficile at its highest?

    <p>Newborns up to 8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agars is used for the selective isolation of C. difficile?

    <p>CCFA (Cycloserine Cefoxitin Fructose Agar)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is commonly detected using the sandwich ELISA for C. difficile?

    <p>Toxins A, B, and GDH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred method of treatment for a C. difficile infection?

    <p>Oral vancomycin or metronidazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Clostridium endospores?

    <p>They are resistant to heat and radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genus of bacteria is known to produce toxins?

    <p>Clostridium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of anaerobic Gram-positive bacilli?

    <p>They are endospore-forming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal habitat of Clostridium species?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Eubacterium?

    <p>It is a non-spore-forming bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Cutibacterium?

    <p>It was formerly known as Propionibacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Actinomyces?

    <p>It is a non-spore-forming bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Bifidobacterium?

    <p>It is a non-spore-forming bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering loperamide in the FMT procedure?

    <p>To hold the transplanted material in the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for excluding donors who have traveled to 'diarreegevoelige' landen in the past 6 months?

    <p>To prevent the transmission of enteropathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in treating Clostridium difficile infections?

    <p>It blocks the growth of pathogens that are resistant to multiple antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary importance of obtaining 'informed consent' from the recipient and donor in FMT?

    <p>To respect the autonomy of the recipient and donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of screening the donor for certain medical conditions and medications?

    <p>To minimize the risk of transmitting enteropathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for administering proton-pompremmers to the recipient in FMT?

    <p>To prevent zuurvorming in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using FMT in treating recurrent Clostridium difficile infections?

    <p>It has been shown to be effective in curing recurrent CDI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary organization that provides guidelines for correct manipulation and sample storage in FMT?

    <p>Hoge Gezondheidsraad (HGR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common initial symptom of botulism?

    <p>dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which toxinetypes cause botulism in humans?

    <p>toxins A, B, and E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic allows botulinum toxin to survive in the stomach?

    <p>resistance to acidic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Clostridium botulinum group II?

    <p>non-proteolytic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical result of neurotoxin production in botulism?

    <p>Paralysis of both motor and autonomic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is toxin typically isolated for the diagnosis of botulism?

    <p>Isolation from food remains and faeces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prevention method is crucial for avoiding botulism outbreaks?

    <p>Proper sterilization of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of Clostridium botulinum is associated with toxin type G?

    <p>Group IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme activity is involved in the additional tissue damage in Clostridium perfringens infections?

    <p>Lecithinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical condition is most associated with Clostridium perfringens due to poor blood supply in tissues?

    <p>Gas gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Clostridium perfringens' ability to produce high amounts of gas?

    <p>Double zone beta-hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to identify Clostridium perfringens?

    <p>Reverse CAMP test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can be caused by Clostridium perfringens through food intoxication?

    <p>Enteritis with abdominal cramps and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme produced by Clostridium perfringens aids in the degradation of collagen in tissues?

    <p>Collagenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection can Clostridium perfringens play an important role in, characterized by gas-producing bile duct inflammation?

    <p>Emphysematous cholecystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of media and appearance can be used to culture Clostridium perfringens?

    <p>Blood agar with grey colonies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which toxin produced by Clostridium difficile causes disruption of the cytoskeleton in intestinal epithelial cells?

    <p>Toxin B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic technique is NOT used for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxins directly in stool samples?

    <p>Antibiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Clostridium difficile colonies be identified on Cycloserine Cefoxitin Fructose Agar (CCFA)?

    <p>Yellow colonies with horse stable odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient demographic is most commonly colonized by Clostridium difficile during the first 8 months of life?

    <p>Infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test involves the use of HELA or VERO cell lines for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxins?

    <p>Cytotoxinetest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary intervention for treating severe pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile?

    <p>Administering oral vancomycin or metronidazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can increase the sensitivity of toxin identification when the initial toxin test on fecal samples is negative for Clostridium difficile?

    <p>Using a toxinogenic culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is used in the selective media CCFA to isolate Clostridium difficile?

    <p>Cycloserine and cefoxitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

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