Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are important religious ceremonies called?
What are important religious ceremonies called?
Sacraments
What is the definition of a warrior in medieval Europe who fought on horseback?
What is the definition of a warrior in medieval Europe who fought on horseback?
Knights
What was an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements?
What was an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements?
Humanism
During medieval Europe, who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals?
During medieval Europe, who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals?
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What were a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia called?
What were a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia called?
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What is the name for Jerusalem and parts of the surrounding area where Jesus lived and taught?
What is the name for Jerusalem and parts of the surrounding area where Jesus lived and taught?
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What is the name of a plague that killed nearly half the people of western Europe in the Middle Ages?
What is the name of a plague that killed nearly half the people of western Europe in the Middle Ages?
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What is the other name for Bubonic Plague?
What is the other name for Bubonic Plague?
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What is the definition of 'a rebirth or revival'?
What is the definition of 'a rebirth or revival'?
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What is the definition of 'the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain'?
What is the definition of 'the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain'?
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What is the church punishment that refused sacraments to individuals?
What is the church punishment that refused sacraments to individuals?
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What is the term for followers of Martin Luther?
What is the term for followers of Martin Luther?
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What is the definition of 'declare invalid'?
What is the definition of 'declare invalid'?
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What is the term for states whose populations share a sense of national identity, usually including a language and culture?
What is the term for states whose populations share a sense of national identity, usually including a language and culture?
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What was the name of an invention of the 15th century that revolutionized the ability to print information?
What was the name of an invention of the 15th century that revolutionized the ability to print information?
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Who was an English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers?
Who was an English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers?
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Who was an Italian painter, sculptor, engineer, and inventor known for painting The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper?
Who was an Italian painter, sculptor, engineer, and inventor known for painting The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper?
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Who was a famous Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect, known for the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the sculpture of David?
Who was a famous Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect, known for the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the sculpture of David?
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Who was the German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and a press?
Who was the German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and a press?
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What is the definition of 'A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease'?
What is the definition of 'A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease'?
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What is the term for an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system of medieval Europe?
What is the term for an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system of medieval Europe?
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What term describes a person in medieval Europe that received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and service?
What term describes a person in medieval Europe that received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and service?
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What was the name of an armored warrior who fought on horseback in the medieval period?
What was the name of an armored warrior who fought on horseback in the medieval period?
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What was the name of medieval peasants who were bound to live on a lord's estate and whose labor they were required to share?
What was the name of medieval peasants who were bound to live on a lord's estate and whose labor they were required to share?
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What is the name for a lord's estate, which was the basic economic arrangement of the Middle Ages?
What is the name for a lord's estate, which was the basic economic arrangement of the Middle Ages?
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What is the idea of a code of behavior for knights that stressed ideals of courage, loyalty, and devotion?
What is the idea of a code of behavior for knights that stressed ideals of courage, loyalty, and devotion?
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What term is used for a body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers, or rabbis?
What term is used for a body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers, or rabbis?
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What was a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and land in return?
What was a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and land in return?
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What is the church punishment that refused sacraments to individuals, that also freed vassals from service?
What is the church punishment that refused sacraments to individuals, that also freed vassals from service?
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What were traders, explorers, and conquerors from Scandinavia called?
What were traders, explorers, and conquerors from Scandinavia called?
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What does the Latin word 'Medieval' mean?
What does the Latin word 'Medieval' mean?
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What is the term used to describe the agreement when a vassal would gain a fief in exchange for his military service to the lord?
What is the term used to describe the agreement when a vassal would gain a fief in exchange for his military service to the lord?
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What does 'secular' mean?
What does 'secular' mean?
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Who posted the 95 Theses in 1517, leading to religious reform in Germany?
Who posted the 95 Theses in 1517, leading to religious reform in Germany?
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What were the arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic Church in 1517 called?
What were the arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic Church in 1517 called?
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What was a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches?
What was a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches?
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What is the name of a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin?
What is the name of a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin?
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What is the term for the act of selling church offices?
What is the term for the act of selling church offices?
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What is a system of government in which the ruler has complete power and is not restricted by a constitution or laws?
What is a system of government in which the ruler has complete power and is not restricted by a constitution or laws?
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What is Belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God?
What is Belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God?
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What is a system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power?
What is a system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power?
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What is the unique importance of each individual?
What is the unique importance of each individual?
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What is the term for people who protested against the Roman Catholic Church?
What is the term for people who protested against the Roman Catholic Church?
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What term describes a person who gives financial or other support to another person, organization, cause, or activity?
What term describes a person who gives financial or other support to another person, organization, cause, or activity?
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What are 3 reasons for exploration?
What are 3 reasons for exploration?
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What is a Spanish conqueror of the Americas?
What is a Spanish conqueror of the Americas?
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What was the name of the Conquistador who defeated the Aztecs?
What was the name of the Conquistador who defeated the Aztecs?
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Who was the Conquistador who conquered the Incas and was driven by gold and the spread of Christianity?
Who was the Conquistador who conquered the Incas and was driven by gold and the spread of Christianity?
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What is the term used to describe early-sixteenth-century Spanish explorers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru?
What is the term used to describe early-sixteenth-century Spanish explorers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru?
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What is a three-way system of trade that included Africa, Europe, and the Americas?
What is a three-way system of trade that included Africa, Europe, and the Americas?
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What is the name used to describe the journey where enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas?
What is the name used to describe the journey where enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas?
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What was the name of the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages?
What was the name of the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages?
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What is an economic policy that aimed to gather as much gold and silver as possible by controlling trade and establishing colonies?
What is an economic policy that aimed to gather as much gold and silver as possible by controlling trade and establishing colonies?
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What is a smaller, weaker country that is taken over by a bigger, more powerful country?
What is a smaller, weaker country that is taken over by a bigger, more powerful country?
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What is a small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship that was used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic?
What is a small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship that was used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic?
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What is the condition in which an organism can resist disease?
What is the condition in which an organism can resist disease?
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What is the term for a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country?
What is the term for a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country?
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What are two reasons conquistadors had easy victories over native tribes?
What are two reasons conquistadors had easy victories over native tribes?
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In the 1400s to the 1600s, what era was defined by European exploration and expansion?
In the 1400s to the 1600s, what era was defined by European exploration and expansion?
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What was the 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain that divided newly discovered lands in the Atlantic Ocean?
What was the 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain that divided newly discovered lands in the Atlantic Ocean?
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Who was the last ruling Inca emperor?
Who was the last ruling Inca emperor?
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What is the name of the ancient civilization that was located in what is present-day Mexico City?
What is the name of the ancient civilization that was located in what is present-day Mexico City?
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Who mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India?
Who mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India?
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What was a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it?
What was a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it?
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What is the name of the ancient civilization that was located in the Andes in Peru?
What is the name of the ancient civilization that was located in the Andes in Peru?
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What is the name of a Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico, known for their mathematics, architecture, and 365-day calendar?
What is the name of a Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico, known for their mathematics, architecture, and 365-day calendar?
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What was the Incan labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations?
What was the Incan labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations?
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What is the term for Spanish-born people who came to Latin America and ruled as the highest social class?
What is the term for Spanish-born people who came to Latin America and ruled as the highest social class?
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What is the term for people of African and European descent?
What is the term for people of African and European descent?
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What is the name for the trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas that lasted from the 16th to the 19th centuries?
What is the name for the trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas that lasted from the 16th to the 19th centuries?
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What is the name of a Muslim place of worship?
What is the name of a Muslim place of worship?
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What is a government ruled by a king or queen?
What is a government ruled by a king or queen?
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What is a government controlled by religious leaders?
What is a government controlled by religious leaders?
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What is a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them?
What is a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them?
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What is a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time?
What is a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time?
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What is a government ruled by a few powerful people?
What is a government ruled by a few powerful people?
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What is a system of government by one person with absolute power?
What is a system of government by one person with absolute power?
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What name is given to church officials?
What name is given to church officials?
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What is a form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws?
What is a form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws?
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What is a network of trade routes that connected China, India, and the Middle East?
What is a network of trade routes that connected China, India, and the Middle East?
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What is a religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran?
What is a religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran?
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What is the holy book of Islam that contains the teachings of the Prophet Mohammed?
What is the holy book of Islam that contains the teachings of the Prophet Mohammed?
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What is the holy book of the Bible?
What is the holy book of the Bible?
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What are the first five books of the Hebrew Bible called?
What are the first five books of the Hebrew Bible called?
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What is a religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus?
What is a religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus?
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What is the monotheistic religion of the Jews, whose spiritual and ethical principles embodied are chiefly in the Torah?
What is the monotheistic religion of the Jews, whose spiritual and ethical principles embodied are chiefly in the Torah?
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What is the belief in one God called?
What is the belief in one God called?
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What is the worship of many gods called?
What is the worship of many gods called?
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What is a religion based on the teachings of the Buddha?
What is a religion based on the teachings of the Buddha?
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What is a religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms?
What is a religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms?
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What does 'annex' mean?
What does 'annex' mean?
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What is a territory governed as a political district of a country or empire?
What is a territory governed as a political district of a country or empire?
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What was the name of the people from Central Asia who created the largest single-land empire in history?
What was the name of the people from Central Asia who created the largest single-land empire in history?
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What is a term for a member of a people that has no permanent home and travels from place to place seeking fresh pasture for their livestock?
What is a term for a member of a people that has no permanent home and travels from place to place seeking fresh pasture for their livestock?
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What is a government in which citizens directly vote on laws and select officials?
What is a government in which citizens directly vote on laws and select officials?
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What is the blending of two or more religious belief systems into a new system?
What is the blending of two or more religious belief systems into a new system?
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What was the term for the people who spread throughout Africa, spreading agriculture, language, and iron?
What was the term for the people who spread throughout Africa, spreading agriculture, language, and iron?
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What is a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state?
What is a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state?
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What is a group of traveling merchants and animals?
What is a group of traveling merchants and animals?
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Study Notes
Sacraments
- Important religious ceremonies
Knights
- Medieval European warriors who fought on horseback
Humanism
- Intellectual movement focusing on human potential and achievements
Lord
- In feudal Europe, a land-controlling individual who granted estates to vassals
Crusades
- Series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia
Holy Land
- Jerusalem and surrounding area significant to Jesus' life
Black Death
- Bubonic plague epidemic in the Middle Ages, killing nearly half of Western Europe's population
Bubonic Plague
- Disease brought to Europe during the Middle Ages, ⅓ of the population died, helping to end Feudalism. Spread by fleas on rats
Renaissance
- Rebirth or revival
Skepticism
- Belief that nothing can be known for certain
Excommunication
- Banishment from the church
Lutherans
- Followers of Martin Luther
Annul
- Declare invalid
Nation-States
- States with shared national identity (language and culture)
Printing Press
- 15th-century invention revolutionizing information dissemination
Shakespeare
- Celebrated English poet and dramatist (1564-1616)
DaVinci
- Italian polymath; painter, sculptor, engineer, inventor (Mona Lisa, The Last Supper)
Michelangelo
- Italian Renaissance artist (sculptor, painter, poet, architect); Sistine Chapel ceiling, David sculpture (1475-1564)
Johann Gutenberg
- German printer, first in Europe to use movable type and printing press (1400-1468)
Epidemic
- Widespread outbreak of an infectious disease
Yersinia pestis
- Causative agent of the bubonic plague
Fief
- Estate granted to vassals by lords in the feudal system
Vassal
- Person receiving a grant from a lord in exchange for loyalty and service
Serf
- Medieval peasant legally bound to a lord's estate, unable to leave, labor belonged to the lord
Manor
- Lord's estate; the basic medieval economic system. Lords provided housing and farmland, serfs provided labor
Chivalry
- Code of conduct for medieval knights, emphasizing courage, loyalty, and devotion
Clergy
- Church officials (priests, ministers, rabbis)
Feudalism
- Medieval social system where people worked and fought for nobles, receiving protection and land in return
Vikings
- Scandinavian traders, explorers, and conquerors who disrupted European rule and trade
Medieval
- Latin for "middle ages"
Feudal Contract
- Agreement where vassal received a fief in exchange for military service to the lord
Secular
- Non-religious matters
Martin Luther
- German religious reformer, 95 Theses, challenged papal authority
95 Theses
- Martin Luther's arguments against the Catholic Church, October 31, 1517
Reformation
- 16th-century religious movement that reformed the Catholic Church
Indulgence
- Pardon releasing a person from sins' punishment
Simony
- Sale of church offices
Absolutism
- System of government with absolute ruler power
Divine Right
- Belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God
Absolute Monarchy
- System of hereditary rule with almost absolute power
Individualism
- Importance of the individual
Protestants
- Those who protested against the Roman Catholic Church
Patron
- Financial supporter of an individual, organization, or cause
Causes of Exploration
- 3 G's: Gold, God, Glory
Conquistador
- Spanish conqueror of the Americas
Hernan Cortes
- Conquistador who conquered the Aztec empire
Francisco Pizarro
- Conquistador who conquered the Inca empire
Triangular Trade
- Trade system between Africa, the Americas, and Europe, including the slave trade
Middle Passage
- Forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic
Columbian Exchange
- Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world
Mercantilism
- Economic policy where nations try to amass gold and silver through trade and colonies
Colony
- Territory governed by a more powerful country
Caravel
- Small, highly maneuverable sailing ship used by Portugal and Spain
Immunity
- Resistance to disease
Missionary
- Person sent on a religious mission, especially to promote Christianity
Reasons conquistadors easily conquered native tribes
- Superior weapons, disease
Age of Exploration and Discovery
- 1400-1600, Europeans sought sea routes to Asia and greater access to spices, driven by improvements in navigation
Treaty of Tordesillas/Line of Demarcation
- 1494 agreement dividing newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal
Atahualpa
- Last ruling Inca emperor, executed by the Spanish
Aztecs
- Mesoamerican civilization located in present-day Mexico City
Christopher Columbus
- Explorer who mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492
Encomienda
- Spanish grant of land in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as labor
Incas
- Ancient civilization in the Andes Mountains of Peru
Mayans
- Mesoamerican civilization in Central America and southern Mexico, known for mathematics, architecture, and a 365-day calendar
Mita
- Inca labor system based on shared obligations
Peninsulares
- Spanish-born elites in Latin America
Mulattoes
- People of African and European descent
Atlantic Slave Trade
- Forced migration of Africans to the Americas (16th-19th centuries)
Mosque
- Muslim place of worship
Monarchy
- Government ruled by a king or queen
Theocracy
- Government controlled by religious leaders
Democracy
- Government where supreme power lies in the citizens
Dynasty
- Powerful family or group of rulers
Oligarchy
- Government ruled by a few powerful people
Autocracy
- System of government by one person with absolute power
Republic
- Form of government where people elect representatives
Silk Road
- Network of trade routes connecting China, India, and the Middle East
Islam
- Monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Muhammad
Quran
- Holy book of Islam
Bible
- Holy book of Christianity
Torah
- First five books of the Hebrew Bible
Christianity
- Religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus
Judaism
- Monotheistic religion of the Jews, focused on the Torah
Monotheism
- Belief in one God
Polytheism
- Belief in many gods
Buddhism
- Religion based on the teachings of the Buddha
Hinduism
- Religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, emphasizing reincarnation
Annex
- To add or attach
Province
- Territory governed as a political district
Mongols
- Central Asian people who created a vast land empire
Nomads
- People with no permanent abode
Direct Democracy
- Government where citizens vote directly on laws
Syncretism
- Blending of religious belief systems
Bantu
- African people who spread agriculture, language, and iron
City-State
- City and its surrounding territory forming an independent state
Caravan
- Group of traveling merchants and animals
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Description
Explore the key concepts of medieval history, including important religious practices, the rise of humanism, and the impact of major events like the Crusades and the Black Death. Test your knowledge on the role of knights, lords, and the Renaissance in shaping European society.
