Medicinal Drugs and Analgesics Overview

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Questions and Answers

Medicinal drugs are substances used for what?

  • Treating diseases or relieving pain (correct)
  • Creating diseases or relieving pain
  • Only treating diseases, not relieving pain
  • None of the above

Drugs are only synthesized in laboratories.

False (B)

A drug is considered effective if it is _______ and if it has no _______.

  • toxic, no side effects
  • nontoxic, side effects (correct)
  • toxic, side effects
  • nontoxic, no side effects

Drugs can be classified according to their _______.

<p>shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inert ingredients in drugs are the active ingredients.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three groups of analgesics?

<p>Narcotic, anti-pyretic, anti-rheumatics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the active ingredient in aspirin?

<p>acetylsalicylic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the side effects of aspirin?

<p>Severe damage to the stomach leading to significant bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

The name of the active ingredient is given according to the World Health Organization (___)

<p>WHO</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anesthetics are substances that produce analgesia.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main categories of anesthetics?

<p>Local anesthetics and general anesthetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Local anesthetics act directly on nerve cells to block their ability to transmit impulses down their axons.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Local anesthetics are used for major surgeries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a local anesthetic used as a spray?

<p>Ethyl chloride (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

General anesthetics are irreversible depressants of the central nervous system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can general anesthetics be administered?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following general anesthetics with their method of administration:

<p>Diethyl ether = Inhaled Penthiobarbital = Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

An overdose of general anesthetics may lead to coma and death.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do anti-acids treat?

<p>Problems caused by excessive gastric acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are examples of basic active ingredients in anti-acids?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anti-acids are weak bases.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Effervescent antacids are a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and cirri acid or tartaric acid.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anti-inflammatory drugs are substances that increase inflammation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation is a reaction of tissues to injuries.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anti-inflammatory agents can be divided into two main groups: _______ and _______.

<p>Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Salicylates are often used to treat arthritis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cortisone and hydrocortisone are examples of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some side effects of steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?

<p>Fluid retention, unwanted hair, excessive weight, obesity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotics are chemicals, produced by microorganisms, that kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are examples of commonly used antibiotics? (Select all that apply)

<p>Penicillin G (A), Streptomycin (B), Sulfadiazine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotics that kill bacteria are called bactericidal.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An overdose of antibiotics can cause diarrhea.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotics can be classified into ______ antibiotics and ______ antibiotics.

<p>Broad spectrum, narrow spectrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against specific microorganisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is important to restrict the use of broad spectrum antibiotics.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bacterium that cannot be eradicated by an antibiotic is called a resistant bacteria.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria resistance to antibiotics can only be natural.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some bacteria have the capacity to break antibiotics down into inactive forms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Combination antibiotics should always be used.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tranquillizers are substances used to sedate without including or causing sleep.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of benzodiazepines?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anti-depressants are drugs for treating depression.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are typical symptoms of depression? (Select all that apply)

<p>Continuous sadness (A), Loss of interest (B), Loss of pleasure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Barbiturates such as phenobarbital and secobarbital are among the most prescribed antidepressants.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are medicinal drugs?

Substances used for treating diseases or relieving pain.

What are analgesics?

A substance that reduces or eliminates pain.

What are narcotic analgesics?

A group of analgesics that reduce moderate pain, with morphine and codeine as examples.

What are anti-pyretic analgesics?

A group of analgesics that lower or eliminate fever.

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What are anti-rheumatic analgesics?

A group of analgesics that reduce or eliminate inflammation of muscles and joints.

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What is a generic name?

The name of the active ingredient in a drug, standardized by the World Health Organization.

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What are anesthetics?

A substance that produces anesthesia, a state of being unable to feel pain, heat, cold, etc.

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What are local anesthetics?

Anesthetics that provide temporary pain relief on localized regions of the body.

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What are general anesthetics?

Anesthetics that produce loss of sensation and consciousness, affecting the entire body.

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What are anti-acids?

Substances that treat problems caused by excessive gastric acid (HCl).

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What are anti-inflammatory drugs?

A substance that reduces or eliminates inflammation, a response to tissue injury.

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What are steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?

Anti-inflammatory drugs with a structure based on the steroid nucleus.

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What are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?

Anti-inflammatory drugs that are not based on steroids.

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What are antibiotics?

Chemicals produced by microorganisms (natural antibiotics) or synthesized to kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.

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What are bactericidal antibiotics?

Antibiotics that kill bacteria.

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What are bacteriostatic antibiotics?

Antibiotics that inhibit the growth of bacteria.

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What are fungicidal antibiotics?

Antibiotics that inhibit the growth of fungi.

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What are broad spectrum antibiotics?

Antibiotics effective against a wide variety of microorganisms.

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What are narrow spectrum antibiotics?

Antibiotics effective against specific microorganisms.

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What is a resistant bacterium?

A bacterium that is no longer susceptible to the effects of a particular antibiotic, often due to genetic modifications.

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What is a synergistic combination of antibiotics?

A situation where two or more antibiotics combined work better than either alone.

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What is an antagonistic combination of antibiotics?

A situation where two or more antibiotics combined have a reduced effect compared to using them individually.

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What are tranquillizers?

Substances used to sedate without inducing sleep.

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What is anxiety?

A state of worry or unease, which can be normal or pathological.

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What are antidepressants?

Drugs used to treat depression, a mental health condition.

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What are barbiturates?

A group of drugs that can cause sedation and may be used as antidepressants.

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What are drug additives?

Inert ingredients added to drug formulations to contribute to size, shape, etc.

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Study Notes

Medicinal Drugs

  • Medicinal drugs treat diseases or relieve pain
  • Drugs originate from various sources: synthesis, fermentation, extraction from animals or plants
  • Effective drugs are non-toxic and lack side effects like allergic reactions or diarrhea
  • Drug effectiveness isn't diminished by stomach acid
  • Drugs are classified by form (tablets, capsules, liquids, sprays, ointments, suppositories)

Drug Composition

  • Drugs usually contain an active ingredient and inert ingredients (additives)
  • Inert ingredients like binders, filters, lubricants, and coatings ensure tablet form, shape and size

Analgesics

  • Analgesics reduce or eliminate pain
  • Classified into:
    • Narcotic: moderate pain relief (e.g., morphine, codeine)
    • Anti-pyretic: reduce fever
    • Anti-rheumatic: ease muscle and joint inflammation

Aspirin

  • Effective pain reliever with acetylsalicylic acid as active ingredient
  • Side effect: stomach damage and bleeding
  • Alternative drugs (Panadol, Tylenol) can be used to avoid stomach irritation

Anesthetics

  • Anesthetics produce a state of pain insensitivity
  • Local anesthetics: temporary pain relief in a specific body area (e.g., surgery, dentistry)
  • General anesthetics: reversible central nervous system depressants causing loss of sensation and consciousness; can be inhaled or intravenous, with potential death risk from overdose

Anti-Acids

  • Neutralize excess stomach acid (HCl)
  • Contain basic ingredients like sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
  • Can relieve symptoms associated with over-production of stomach acid

Anti-inflammatory Drugs

  • Reduce or eliminate inflammation
  • Classified into steroidal and non-steroidal groups
  • Several possible side effects, dosage dependent

Antibiotics

  • Chemicals derived from a microorganism, or synthetically, to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms
  • Bactericidal: kill bacteria; Fungicidal: kills fungi
  • Examples: penicillin, sulfadiazine, streptomycin
  • Potential side effects include diarrhea and severe reactions if dosage excessive

Bacteria Resistance

  • Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics. Mechanisms include genetic modifications or acquired resistance (e.g., enzymes that modify or destroy antibiotics).

Tranquillizers

  • Sedatives that reduce anxiety, excitement, and restlessness.
  • Benzodiazepines, like diazepam, are commonly used
  • Overdose can lead to drowsiness, coma and death. Side effects vary depending on drug, dose, and patient factors.

Anti-depressants

  • Treat depression
  • Typical symptoms include: continuous sadness, loss of interest, reduced pleasure in activities
  • Certain barbiturate subclasses are antidepressants; potential overdose effects include coma and death.

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