Medicinal and Poisonous Plants
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary location of resin production in Cannabis plants?

  • Glandular trichomes (correct)
  • Leaves
  • Roots
  • Stems

    • Which of the following factors affects the potency of the resin in Cannabis plants?

  • Soil quality
  • Climate
  • Water quality
  • Genetic strains and growing conditions (correct)

    • Where is Cannabis sativa believed to have originated?

  • Central Asia (correct)
  • Europe
  • South America
  • Central Africa

    • What is the earliest documented record of marijuana's use as a hallucinogen?

    <p>500 BC among the Scythians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Cannabis in ancient India?

    <p>Religious ceremonies and achieving a contemplative state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the odour of Indian hemp?

    <p>Heavy and characteristic in the fresh drug but faint in the dried specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the microscopic features of Indian hemp?

    <p>Numerous glandular hairs, sessile or with unicellular or multiseriated stalk and an 8-celled head, conical, curved, unicellular clothing trichomes, along with cystoliths of calcium carbonate in the enlarged bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of resin in Cannabis?

    <p>15-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main psychoactive component of Cannabis?

    <p>Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of screening plants worldwide?

    <p>To identify plants that provide new treatment for human diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of some poisonous plants?

    <p>They are poisonous in part and harmless otherwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of legal and illegal drugs derived from plants?

    <p>They have negative effects on the economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a plant that contains psychotropic chemicals?

    <p>Cannabis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific name of the Calabar Bean?

    <p>Physostigma venenosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some plants cause allergic reactions in people and animals?

    <p>When ingested, they release harmful chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What varies from country to country regarding poisonous plants?

    <p>The laws governing the use of poisonous plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of some plants with deleterious effects?

    <p>As insecticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a medicinal plant and a poisonous plant?

    <p>A medicinal plant has therapeutic effects, while a poisonous plant has harmful effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason THC accumulates in body tissues?

    <p>Because it is fat soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of marijuana on sperm production in males?

    <p>It decreases sperm production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using marijuana or marinol in patients undergoing chemotherapy?

    <p>To reduce the side effects of chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the synthetic form of THC used in medicine?

    <p>Marinol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the alkaloid found in the cannabis plant?

    <p>Cannabisativine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using marijuana in patients with multiple sclerosis?

    <p>To reduce spasmodic movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of THC on the foetus in pregnant women?

    <p>It can cross the placenta and possibly damage the foetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the colour obtained in Beam's test for cannabis?

    <p>Purple or red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of moderate use of marijuana on learning and memory?

    <p>It impairs learning and short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the colour of the spot when a drug is sprayed with bis-diazotizes-di-o-anisidine in 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding 15% Hydrochloric acid in dehydrated alcohol to the light petroleum ether extract of the drug?

    <p>A red colour develops at the junction of the two liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of drug dependence in cannabis users?

    <p>A strong psychic dependence without physical dependence and little tendency to increase the dose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for the effects of oral ingestion of cannabis to appear?

    <p>3 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of smoking cannabis on users?

    <p>Anxiety and restlessness appear within a few minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the factor that influences the effects of cannabis on users?

    <p>The environment and the personality of the user</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of larger doses of cannabis on users?

    <p>A variety of physical and psychological effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common effect of cannabis use on users?

    <p>Unusual sensations and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lower layer when water is added to the distinguishing test for cannabis?

    <p>The lower layer acquires an orange pink colour which disappears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of the drink made from this plant?

    <p>It produces a stupefying effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which country is the plant used to treat asthma?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main alkaloid found in the leaves of the plant?

    <p>Atropine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of atropine in eye surgery?

    <p>To dilate the pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of alkaloids found in the roots of the plant?

    <p>0.35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an extract of the flowers of the plant when applied orally?

    <p>General anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the plant only be used under the guidance of a qualified practitioner?

    <p>Because it has a narrow therapeutic index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of alkaloids found in the seeds of the plant?

    <p>0.426%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the use of crushed leaves of the plant?

    <p>To relieve pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of nicotine on respiration?

    <p>Initial stimulation followed by depression of respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of nicotine overdose?

    <p>Respiratory arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of psychotic episodes induced by cannabis intoxication?

    <p>Paranoid delusions of ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the constituent of Nicotiana tabacum responsible for its pharmacological effects?

    <p>Nicotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cannabis use on the respiratory system?

    <p>Bronchitis and asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of chronic cannabis use on the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What colour does cannabigerol give when sprayed with bis-diazotizes-di-o-anisidine in 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide?

    <p>Orange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cannabis use on psychological processes?

    <p>Increased irritability and disturbances of judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of adding 15% Hydrochloric acid in dehydrated alcohol to the light petroleum ether extract of the drug?

    <p>The upper layer becomes colourless while the lower layer acquires an orange pink colour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of physostigmine in clinical settings?

    <p>To contract the pupil of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of drug dependence in cannabis users?

    <p>Psychic dependence without physical dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical dose of physostigmine in its pure alkaloid form?

    <p>2 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for the effects of oral ingestion of cannabis to appear?

    <p>About 3 hours after ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oral LD50 of physostigmine in mice?

    <p>4.5 mg/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of cannabis use on users?

    <p>Disturbed auditory and visual perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lower layer when water is added to the distinguishing test for cannabis?

    <p>The colour disappears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum reported number of Calabar beans eaten followed by survival of a human?

    <p>35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that influences the effects of cannabis on users?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of physostigmine on heart contractility?

    <p>It decreases heart contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name of the plant Cannabis sativa Linn?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the family name of the plant Cannabis sativa Linn?

    <p>Cannabaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of the liquid extracted from the leaves and roots of Datura metel?

    <p>As a hallucinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the flowers of Datura metel?

    <p>They are immensely varied in colour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Datura metel and Datura innoxia?

    <p>Datura metel has glabrous leaves, while Datura innoxia has spiny leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the family of Datura metel?

    <p>Solanaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the toxicity of Datura metel?

    <p>Very poisonous, even in small doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Datura metel commonly found?

    <p>Wet places, river banks, etc. in sunny positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical height of Datura metel?

    <p>Up to 6 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of the plant in Vietnam?

    <p>Production of antiasthmatic cigarettes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the toxic effect of excess doses of the plant?

    <p>Severe intoxication and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main alkaloid found in the roots of the plant?

    <p>Hyoscyamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an extract of the flowers of the plant when applied orally?

    <p>General anaesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the plant only be used under the guidance of a qualified practitioner?

    <p>Because the toxic dose is very close to the medicinal dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the use of crushed leaves of the plant?

    <p>Relief of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of atropine in eye surgery?

    <p>To dilate the pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of THC on the foetus in pregnant women?

    <p>It can cross the placenta and possibly damage the foetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using marijuana or marinol in patients undergoing chemotherapy?

    <p>To reduce nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of moderate use of marijuana on learning and memory?

    <p>It impairs learning, short-term memory, and reaction time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the colour obtained in Beam's test for cannabis?

    <p>Purple or red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of marijuana on sperm production in males?

    <p>It decreases sperm production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason THC accumulates in body tissues?

    <p>Because it's fat-soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the synthetic form of THC used in medicine?

    <p>Marinol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the alkaloid found in the cannabis plant?

    <p>Cannabisativine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of marijuana use on the respiratory system?

    <p>It is not mentioned in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using marijuana in patients with multiple sclerosis?

    <p>To reduce spasmodic movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Screening of Plants for Human Diseases

    • Screening of plants has produced many drugs and is still an ongoing process
    • Records of responses from individuals (including animals) from consumption of plants with deleterious effects were also indications of poisonous plants

    Poisonous and Medicinal Plants

    • A poisonous plant is a plant that has harmful effects on the body
    • A medicinal plant is any plant that contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes or as a precursor for the synthesis of useful drugs
    • Examples of poisonous plants include strychnine and pyrethrum, which have been used for hunting poisons and insecticides
    • Some plants are poisonous in part and harmless otherwise, or poisonous at one season and not at another

    Psychotropic Chemicals and Drugs

    • Certain plants contain psychotropic chemicals, which are extracted and ingested or smoked, including tobacco, cannabis (marijuana), cocaine, and opium
    • These drugs can cause damage to health or even death
    • Both illegal and legal drugs derived from plants have negative effects on the economy, affecting workers' productivity and law enforcement costs

    Calabar Bean (Physostigma venenosum Balf.)

    • The plant is known for its resin production by glandular trichomes
    • Potency of the resin varies greatly depending on genetic strains and growing conditions

    Cannabis (Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis)

    • Use of Cannabis can be traced back about 5000 years to ancient China
    • Earliest documented records of marijuana's use as a hallucinogen can be traced to the Scythians, ancient nomadic horsemen from central Asia, about 500 BC
    • Marijuana use spread from central Asia to Asia minor, northern Africa, India, and elsewhere
    • The first written mention in India was around 600 BC
    • Marijuana use in India was associated largely with religious ceremonies and achieving a contemplative state

    Microscopy and Constituents of Cannabis

    • Numerous glandular hairs, sessile or with unicellular or multiseriated stalk and an 8-celled head, conical, curved, unicellular clothing trichomes
    • Clusters of calcium oxalates are also present
    • Cannabis contains a large number of phenolic compounds known as cannabinoids, but the main psychoactive component is delta-9-tetrahydrocannbinol (THC)
    • The concentration of THC in the plant varies considerably, depending on the genetic strain, sex of the plant, climate, and growing conditions

    Effects and Medicinal Uses of Cannabis

    • Effects of Cannabis include a sense of euphoria and calmness
    • Moderate use of marijuana impairs learning, short-term memory, and reaction time
    • THC is fat-soluble and accumulates in body tissues, measurable amounts may remain in the body for days after inhalation
    • Effects on males include a decrease in sperm production and decreased testosterone levels
    • In pregnant women, THC can cross the placenta and possibly damage the fetus
    • Medicinal uses of Cannabis include treating glaucoma, nausea, and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, and counteracting weight loss associated with AIDS wasting syndrome

    Identification and Distinguishing Test of Cannabis

    • Microscopy: Trichomes stain deep-reddish-purple with vanillin in ethanolic sulphuric acid
    • Beam's test: A purple or red color is obtained when the extract is treated with N/10 alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH)
    • Distinguishing test: Spray a spot of the drug with bis-diazotizes-di-o-anisidine in 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH); THC gives red color, cannabidiol gives violet color, cannabigerol gives orange color

    Physical Effects of Cannabis Intoxication

    • Heart rate and blood pressure increase
    • Cold extremities
    • Dilated pupils and injected conjunctiva vessels
    • Ataxia and deep reflexes
    • Hypoglycaemia
    • Diarrhea
    • Frequency of micturation
    • Bronchitis and asthma
    • Respiratory depression may occur in severe intoxication

    Psychological Effects of Cannabis Intoxication

    • Elation
    • Distortion of time and space
    • Irritability
    • Disturbances of memory and judgment
    • Psychotic episodes of an acute type characterized by paranoid delusions of ability
    • Schizophrenic-like reactions
    • Teratogenic effects in animals

    Tobacco

    Scientific Name and Common Name

    • Scientific Name: Nicotiana tabacum Linn (Family Solanaceae)
    • Common Name: Tobacco

    Constituents

    • Nicotine (richest in leaves, followed by stalk, roots, and flowers)
    • Nornicotine
    • Anabasine
    • Nocityrine
    • Nicotelline
    • Anatabine
    • Small traces of amino acids, harmane, terpenes, etc.

    Pharmacological Effects of Nicotine

    • Initial stimulation and depression phases of actions
    • Excitation of respiration
    • Death results from respiratory arrest due to both central paralysis and peripheral blockade of muscles of respiration

    Dependence on Cannabis

    • Characterized by a desire or need to continue taking the drug
    • Psychic dependence on the effects of the drug without physical dependence
    • Little or no development of tolerance and consequently little or no tendency to increase the dose
    • Users do not experience difficulty in discontinuing its use

    Toxic Effects of Cannabis

    • Unusual sensations induced in man by cannabis use are common
    • Nausea and vomiting may be the first effects of oral ingestion of cannabis
    • Anxiety and restlessness are common effects of smoking cannabis
    • Full effects of cannabis are largely dependent on the personality of the user and on the environment as well as the dose taken
    • Small doses may be followed by a mildly pleasant effect, while larger doses may give rise to a variety of physical and psychological effects

    Physostigmine

    Uses and Pharmacology

    • Used clinically to contract the pupil of the eye
    • Reverses the CNS toxicity of anticholinergic drugs
    • Manages intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma
    • Investigated for its ability to increase cognition, particularly in demented patients

    Dosage

    • Typical dose for the pure alkaloid is 2 mg
    • No clinical evidence relating to the crude plant material or to an extract

    Pregnancy/Lactation

    • Documented adverse effects
    • Avoid use

    Indian Hemp

    Scientific Name and Common Name

    • Scientific Name: Cannabis sativa Linn. Family: Cannabibaceae
    • Common Name: Cannabis, Marijuana, hemp, grass, hashish, bhang, charas, ganja, Igbo, etc.

    Datura metel

    Common Name and Botanical Source

    • Common Name: Thorn Apple, Angel's Trumpet, Hindu Datura, Horn of Plenty, Downy Thorn Apple
    • Botanical Source: Datura metel Family: Solanaceae

    Description

    • Annual or short-lived shrubby perennial herb
    • Growing up to 6 ft (1.8 m) high
    • Slightly pubescent, with green to dark violet shoots and oval to broad oval leaves
    • Flowers are pleasantly scented and immensely varied
    • Seed capsule is covered with numerous conical warts or short, sparse spines

    Uses

    • The whole plant, but especially the leaves and seed, is anaesthetic, anodyne, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, antitussive, bronchodilator, hallucinogenic, hypnotic, and mydriatic
    • Used to treat epilepsy, hysteria, insanity, heart diseases, fever with catarrh, diarrhoea, skin diseases, etc.
    • Poultice of the crushed leaves is used to relieve pain

    Cautions

    • Great caution is advised in the use of this plant since excess doses cause hallucinations, severe intoxication, and death
    • The toxic dose is very close to the medicinal dose
    • Contains the alkaloids hyoscyamine, hyoscine, and atropine

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