Questions and Answers
What is the primary location of resin production in Cannabis plants?
Which of the following factors affects the potency of the resin in Cannabis plants?
Where is Cannabis sativa believed to have originated?
What is the earliest documented record of marijuana's use as a hallucinogen?
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What is the primary use of Cannabis in ancient India?
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What is the characteristic feature of the odour of Indian hemp?
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What are the microscopic features of Indian hemp?
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What is the percentage of resin in Cannabis?
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What is the main psychoactive component of Cannabis?
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What is the purpose of screening plants worldwide?
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What is a characteristic of some poisonous plants?
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What is a common effect of legal and illegal drugs derived from plants?
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What is an example of a plant that contains psychotropic chemicals?
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What is the scientific name of the Calabar Bean?
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Why do some plants cause allergic reactions in people and animals?
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What varies from country to country regarding poisonous plants?
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What is a common use of some plants with deleterious effects?
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What is the difference between a medicinal plant and a poisonous plant?
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What is the primary reason THC accumulates in body tissues?
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What is the effect of marijuana on sperm production in males?
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What is the purpose of using marijuana or marinol in patients undergoing chemotherapy?
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What is the name of the synthetic form of THC used in medicine?
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What is the name of the alkaloid found in the cannabis plant?
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What is the purpose of using marijuana in patients with multiple sclerosis?
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What is the effect of THC on the foetus in pregnant women?
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What is the colour obtained in Beam's test for cannabis?
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What is the effect of moderate use of marijuana on learning and memory?
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What is the colour of the spot when a drug is sprayed with bis-diazotizes-di-o-anisidine in 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide?
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What is the effect of adding 15% Hydrochloric acid in dehydrated alcohol to the light petroleum ether extract of the drug?
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What is the characteristic of drug dependence in cannabis users?
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What is the time frame for the effects of oral ingestion of cannabis to appear?
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What is the effect of smoking cannabis on users?
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What is the factor that influences the effects of cannabis on users?
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What is the effect of larger doses of cannabis on users?
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What is the common effect of cannabis use on users?
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What happens to the lower layer when water is added to the distinguishing test for cannabis?
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What is the main effect of the drink made from this plant?
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In which country is the plant used to treat asthma?
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What is the main alkaloid found in the leaves of the plant?
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What is the purpose of atropine in eye surgery?
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What is the percentage of alkaloids found in the roots of the plant?
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What is the effect of an extract of the flowers of the plant when applied orally?
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Why should the plant only be used under the guidance of a qualified practitioner?
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What is the percentage of alkaloids found in the seeds of the plant?
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What is the use of crushed leaves of the plant?
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What is the primary effect of nicotine on respiration?
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What is the consequence of nicotine overdose?
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What is the characteristic of psychotic episodes induced by cannabis intoxication?
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What is the constituent of Nicotiana tabacum responsible for its pharmacological effects?
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What is the effect of cannabis use on the respiratory system?
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What is the consequence of chronic cannabis use on the gastrointestinal system?
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What colour does cannabigerol give when sprayed with bis-diazotizes-di-o-anisidine in 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide?
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What is the effect of cannabis use on psychological processes?
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What is the result of adding 15% Hydrochloric acid in dehydrated alcohol to the light petroleum ether extract of the drug?
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What is the primary use of physostigmine in clinical settings?
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What is characteristic of drug dependence in cannabis users?
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What is the typical dose of physostigmine in its pure alkaloid form?
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What is the time frame for the effects of oral ingestion of cannabis to appear?
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What is the oral LD50 of physostigmine in mice?
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What is a common effect of cannabis use on users?
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What happens to the lower layer when water is added to the distinguishing test for cannabis?
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What is the maximum reported number of Calabar beans eaten followed by survival of a human?
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What is a factor that influences the effects of cannabis on users?
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What is the effect of physostigmine on heart contractility?
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What is the common name of the plant Cannabis sativa Linn?
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What is the family name of the plant Cannabis sativa Linn?
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What is the primary use of the liquid extracted from the leaves and roots of Datura metel?
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What is unique about the flowers of Datura metel?
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What is the main difference between Datura metel and Datura innoxia?
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What is the family of Datura metel?
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What is the toxicity of Datura metel?
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Where is Datura metel commonly found?
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What is the typical height of Datura metel?
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What is the primary use of the plant in Vietnam?
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What is the toxic effect of excess doses of the plant?
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What is the main alkaloid found in the roots of the plant?
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What is the effect of an extract of the flowers of the plant when applied orally?
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Why should the plant only be used under the guidance of a qualified practitioner?
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What is the use of crushed leaves of the plant?
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What is the purpose of atropine in eye surgery?
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What is the effect of THC on the foetus in pregnant women?
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What is the purpose of using marijuana or marinol in patients undergoing chemotherapy?
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What is the effect of moderate use of marijuana on learning and memory?
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What is the colour obtained in Beam's test for cannabis?
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What is the effect of marijuana on sperm production in males?
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What is the primary reason THC accumulates in body tissues?
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What is the name of the synthetic form of THC used in medicine?
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What is the name of the alkaloid found in the cannabis plant?
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What is the effect of marijuana use on the respiratory system?
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What is the purpose of using marijuana in patients with multiple sclerosis?
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Study Notes
Screening of Plants for Human Diseases
- Screening of plants has produced many drugs and is still an ongoing process
- Records of responses from individuals (including animals) from consumption of plants with deleterious effects were also indications of poisonous plants
Poisonous and Medicinal Plants
- A poisonous plant is a plant that has harmful effects on the body
- A medicinal plant is any plant that contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes or as a precursor for the synthesis of useful drugs
- Examples of poisonous plants include strychnine and pyrethrum, which have been used for hunting poisons and insecticides
- Some plants are poisonous in part and harmless otherwise, or poisonous at one season and not at another
Psychotropic Chemicals and Drugs
- Certain plants contain psychotropic chemicals, which are extracted and ingested or smoked, including tobacco, cannabis (marijuana), cocaine, and opium
- These drugs can cause damage to health or even death
- Both illegal and legal drugs derived from plants have negative effects on the economy, affecting workers' productivity and law enforcement costs
Calabar Bean (Physostigma venenosum Balf.)
- The plant is known for its resin production by glandular trichomes
- Potency of the resin varies greatly depending on genetic strains and growing conditions
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis)
- Use of Cannabis can be traced back about 5000 years to ancient China
- Earliest documented records of marijuana's use as a hallucinogen can be traced to the Scythians, ancient nomadic horsemen from central Asia, about 500 BC
- Marijuana use spread from central Asia to Asia minor, northern Africa, India, and elsewhere
- The first written mention in India was around 600 BC
- Marijuana use in India was associated largely with religious ceremonies and achieving a contemplative state
Microscopy and Constituents of Cannabis
- Numerous glandular hairs, sessile or with unicellular or multiseriated stalk and an 8-celled head, conical, curved, unicellular clothing trichomes
- Clusters of calcium oxalates are also present
- Cannabis contains a large number of phenolic compounds known as cannabinoids, but the main psychoactive component is delta-9-tetrahydrocannbinol (THC)
- The concentration of THC in the plant varies considerably, depending on the genetic strain, sex of the plant, climate, and growing conditions
Effects and Medicinal Uses of Cannabis
- Effects of Cannabis include a sense of euphoria and calmness
- Moderate use of marijuana impairs learning, short-term memory, and reaction time
- THC is fat-soluble and accumulates in body tissues, measurable amounts may remain in the body for days after inhalation
- Effects on males include a decrease in sperm production and decreased testosterone levels
- In pregnant women, THC can cross the placenta and possibly damage the fetus
- Medicinal uses of Cannabis include treating glaucoma, nausea, and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, and counteracting weight loss associated with AIDS wasting syndrome
Identification and Distinguishing Test of Cannabis
- Microscopy: Trichomes stain deep-reddish-purple with vanillin in ethanolic sulphuric acid
- Beam's test: A purple or red color is obtained when the extract is treated with N/10 alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH)
- Distinguishing test: Spray a spot of the drug with bis-diazotizes-di-o-anisidine in 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH); THC gives red color, cannabidiol gives violet color, cannabigerol gives orange color
Physical Effects of Cannabis Intoxication
- Heart rate and blood pressure increase
- Cold extremities
- Dilated pupils and injected conjunctiva vessels
- Ataxia and deep reflexes
- Hypoglycaemia
- Diarrhea
- Frequency of micturation
- Bronchitis and asthma
- Respiratory depression may occur in severe intoxication
Psychological Effects of Cannabis Intoxication
- Elation
- Distortion of time and space
- Irritability
- Disturbances of memory and judgment
- Psychotic episodes of an acute type characterized by paranoid delusions of ability
- Schizophrenic-like reactions
- Teratogenic effects in animals
Tobacco
Scientific Name and Common Name
- Scientific Name: Nicotiana tabacum Linn (Family Solanaceae)
- Common Name: Tobacco
Constituents
- Nicotine (richest in leaves, followed by stalk, roots, and flowers)
- Nornicotine
- Anabasine
- Nocityrine
- Nicotelline
- Anatabine
- Small traces of amino acids, harmane, terpenes, etc.
Pharmacological Effects of Nicotine
- Initial stimulation and depression phases of actions
- Excitation of respiration
- Death results from respiratory arrest due to both central paralysis and peripheral blockade of muscles of respiration
Dependence on Cannabis
- Characterized by a desire or need to continue taking the drug
- Psychic dependence on the effects of the drug without physical dependence
- Little or no development of tolerance and consequently little or no tendency to increase the dose
- Users do not experience difficulty in discontinuing its use
Toxic Effects of Cannabis
- Unusual sensations induced in man by cannabis use are common
- Nausea and vomiting may be the first effects of oral ingestion of cannabis
- Anxiety and restlessness are common effects of smoking cannabis
- Full effects of cannabis are largely dependent on the personality of the user and on the environment as well as the dose taken
- Small doses may be followed by a mildly pleasant effect, while larger doses may give rise to a variety of physical and psychological effects
Physostigmine
Uses and Pharmacology
- Used clinically to contract the pupil of the eye
- Reverses the CNS toxicity of anticholinergic drugs
- Manages intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma
- Investigated for its ability to increase cognition, particularly in demented patients
Dosage
- Typical dose for the pure alkaloid is 2 mg
- No clinical evidence relating to the crude plant material or to an extract
Pregnancy/Lactation
- Documented adverse effects
- Avoid use
Indian Hemp
Scientific Name and Common Name
- Scientific Name: Cannabis sativa Linn. Family: Cannabibaceae
- Common Name: Cannabis, Marijuana, hemp, grass, hashish, bhang, charas, ganja, Igbo, etc.
Datura metel
Common Name and Botanical Source
- Common Name: Thorn Apple, Angel's Trumpet, Hindu Datura, Horn of Plenty, Downy Thorn Apple
- Botanical Source: Datura metel Family: Solanaceae
Description
- Annual or short-lived shrubby perennial herb
- Growing up to 6 ft (1.8 m) high
- Slightly pubescent, with green to dark violet shoots and oval to broad oval leaves
- Flowers are pleasantly scented and immensely varied
- Seed capsule is covered with numerous conical warts or short, sparse spines
Uses
- The whole plant, but especially the leaves and seed, is anaesthetic, anodyne, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, antitussive, bronchodilator, hallucinogenic, hypnotic, and mydriatic
- Used to treat epilepsy, hysteria, insanity, heart diseases, fever with catarrh, diarrhoea, skin diseases, etc.
- Poultice of the crushed leaves is used to relieve pain
Cautions
- Great caution is advised in the use of this plant since excess doses cause hallucinations, severe intoxication, and death
- The toxic dose is very close to the medicinal dose
- Contains the alkaloids hyoscyamine, hyoscine, and atropine
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Description
This quiz covers the use of plants in identifying chemical compounds for new treatments and the effects of poisonous plants on the human body.