21 Questions
What is the characteristic of demyelination in multiple sclerosis?
Degeneration of myelin
What is the primary purpose of disease-modifying drugs such as Betaseron, Avonex, Extavia, Rebif, Copaxone, Aubagio, and Tecfidera in multiple sclerosis?
Targeting symptoms of multiple sclerosis
Which of the following drugs is used to control muscle spasms in Cerebral Palsy?
Botulinum toxin A, Dantrolene, and Baclofen
What is the characteristic of hydrocephalus in older children and adults?
Impaired motor function and incontinence
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the accumulation of CSF fluid in the brain ventricles or subarachnoid space?
Hydrocephalus
Which of the following syndromes is characterized by loss of motor function, temperature, and pain below injury but sensations of touch, pressure, vibration intact?
Anterior cord syndrome
Which of the following medications are used to control seizures in Cerebral Palsy?
Lamotrigine and Valproate
What is the characteristic of Secondary Progressive multiple sclerosis?
Exacerbations and remissions followed by a slow decline
Which part of the body is prominently affected in Central Cord Syndrome?
Upper extremities
What is the common co-occurrence in Central Cord Syndrome?
Bladder dysfunction and motor deficits in the upper extremities
Which condition has no known cure?
Cerebral Palsy
In complete spinal cord injury mainly leads to which outcome?
Loss of sensation and motor function below the level of injury
Why is Carbidopa typically combined with levodopa in Parkinson's disease treatment?
It delays the conversion of levodopa to dopamine until it reaches the brain
Which neurological condition involves the loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons?
Parkinson's disease
What is a potential consequence of high injuries at the level of C1-C2?
Loss of involuntary functions such as sweating and blood pressure regulation
Why might artificial ventilation be necessary for injuries above C4?
To support respiratory function due to potential loss of diaphragm function
What is the normal volume in intracranial pressure?
15
What is the neurotransmitter mostly affected in Parkinson disease?
Dopamine
What is the name of the surgery for Parkinson disease?
Pallidotomy
What would be the first consequence of unresolved hydrocephalus?
Intracranial pressure
What is the primary risk of increased ICP?
Impaired neurologic function and death
Study Notes
Cerebral Palsy
- Lamotrigine and Valproate are used to control seizures in Cerebral Palsy, but there is no known cure.
Multiple Sclerosis
- Characterized by degeneration of myelin, a process known as demyelination.
- Disease-modifying drugs such as Betaseron, Avonex, Extavia, Rebif, Copaxone, Aubagio, and Tecfidera are used to target symptoms.
- Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis initially presents with relapsing-remitting characteristics, followed by slow chronic deterioration.
Hydrocephalus
- A condition of increased CSF fluid accumulation in the brain ventricles or subarachnoid space.
- Presents with impaired motor/cognitive function and incontinence in older children and adults.
- Unresolved hydrocephalus may lead to impaired neurologic function and death due to increased ICP.
- Normal intracranial pressure is 15 mmHg.
Spinal Cord Injuries
- In central cord syndrome, motor deficits are prominent in the upper extremities, accompanied by bladder dysfunction.
- In anterior cord syndrome, there is a loss of motor function, temperature, and pain below the injury, but sensations of touch, pressure, and vibration remain intact.
- In complete spinal cord injury, sensation and motor function below the level of injury are lost.
Parkinson Disease
- A chronic, progressive neurologic condition that affects pigmented dopaminergic neurons, primarily affecting dopamine.
- Carbidopa is often combined with levodopa to delay the conversion of levodopa to dopamine until it reaches the brain.
- Pallidotomy is a surgery used to treat Parkinson disease.
Other Neurological Conditions
- High injuries at the level of C1-C2 may result in loss of involuntary function, including sweating, blood pressure regulation, and body temperature regulation.
- Respiratory support with artificial ventilation may be required for injuries above C4.
Learn about the medications used to control seizures and muscle spasms in Cerebral Palsy, as well as the characteristics of Multiple Sclerosis affecting CNS neurons. Explore the drugs like Lamotrigine, Valproate, Botulinum toxin A, Dantrolene, and Baclofen.
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