202 Symposium 2 Epilespy

Which type of epilepsy is sodium valproate considered a first-line treatment for?

Which type of epilepsy is carbamazepine considered a first-line treatment for?

What percentage of patients with refractory epilepsy have idiopathic (primary) epilepsy?

What is the main side effect of phenytoin?

What is the long-term side effect of sodium valproate?

Which factor can contribute to the variability of response to antiepileptic drugs?

What is the main enzyme inhibitor among the listed antiepileptic drugs?

Which of the following is true about antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)?

What is the main goal of pharmacological treatments for epilepsy?

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to increased activity in the brain during epilepsy?

What is the function of sodium channel blockers in the treatment of epilepsy?

Which of the following is the oldest sodium channel blocker?

Which of the following sodium channel blockers enhances slow inactivation of sodium channels?

What is the advantage of drugs with more selective actions at sodium channels?

Which type of calcium channels are heavily represented in thalamic neurons and are involved in bursting and intrinsic oscillations?

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for reducing the efficiency of excitatory synaptic transmission?

Which antiepileptic drug is a non-competitive blocker of AMPA glutamate receptors and reduces the spread or generalization of seizures?

Which antiepileptic drug acts by competitively inhibiting the voltage-gated sodium channel in its inactive state, prolonging the period between successive firings?

Which type of neurotransmitter release can be controlled by voltage-activated calcium channels?

Which antiepileptic drug acts as a facilitator of GABAergic transmission by inhibiting GABA-T (GABA transaminase)?

Which antiepileptic drug is a high-affinity synaptic vesicle protein-2A ligand and modulates neurotransmitter release?

Which one of these is NOT an outstanding problem with all antiepileptic agents?

What are the ideal properties of an antiepileptic drug?

Why do antiepileptic agents have so many side effects?

What issues particularly face women starting epilepsy treatment?

Which antiepileptic drug is mentioned in a retrospective study in epilepsy clinics in the UK?

Which antiepileptic drug showed a good response of over 90% reduction in seizure frequency in a study involving pediatric patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?

Which antiepileptic drug is mentioned in a perspective article about the use of perampanel and intravenous carbamazepine for generalized seizures?

Which antiepileptic drug is mentioned in a pooled analysis of three phase III studies for the treatment of refractory partial seizures?

Which antiepileptic drug acts as a facilitator of GABAergic transmission by inhibiting GABA-T (GABA transaminase)?

Which of the following is a common symptom of temporal lobe epilepsy?

Which type of seizure is often misdiagnosed as non-epileptic?

Which type of seizure is strongly associated with a space-occupying lesion?

Which type of seizure is characterized by positive sensory symptoms like tingling and pain?

Which type of seizure is characterized by simple visual hallucinations like balls of colored or flashing lights?

Which of the following antiepileptic drugs can make myoclonic jerks and absences worse?

Which type of seizure is suggestive of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

Which type of seizure should prompt a brain scan recommendation?

Which type of seizure is characterized by a temporary unilateral weakness known as Todds paresis?

Which type of seizure is associated with alcohol withdrawal?

Which type of seizures are provoked by acute insults such as stroke, infection, alcohol withdrawal, or a metabolic disturbance?

Which type of seizures are characterized by electrical discharges appearing to start over the whole brain at the same time on EEG?

Which type of seizures are characterized by electrical discharges appearing to start in one cortical region and then may remain localized or may spread over the whole brain?

Which type of seizures have a limited repertoire of seizures including tonic-clonic seizures, absences, tonic seizures, atonic seizures, and myoclonic seizures?

Which type of seizures are the commonest form of primary generalized epilepsy and have an onset in childhood or adolescence?

Which type of seizures are characterized by early morning myoclonic jerks and can be triggered by photosensitivity and sleep deprivation?

Which type of seizures occur with sudden onset, without warning, and have an increased risk of injury for the patient?

Which type of seizures are abrupt, short, and can occur multiple times a day, leading to learning difficulties?

Which type of seizures are characterized by the seizure activity localized at onset and recruiting activity in other leads as the seizure spreads?

Which lobe of the brain is most commonly associated with temporal lobe seizures?

Which of the following is a physiological definition of an epileptic seizure?

Why is the brain prone to seizure activity?

What is the process by which parts of a normal brain are converted to a hyperexcitable brain called?

Which type of epilepsy represents a hyperexcitation or a failure of inhibitory regulation?

What is the main requirement to avoid the 'explosion' of activity in the brain?

Which type of seizures have a tendency to spread throughout the cerebral cortex?

Which type of seizures are characterized by a brief change in behavior caused by the synchronous and rhythmic firing of action potentials?

What is the main factor contributing to increased activity in the brain during epilepsy?

Which type of epilepsy is characterized by seizure activity localized at onset and recruiting activity in other leads as the seizure spreads?

Which type of seizures are characterized by early morning myoclonic jerks and can be triggered by photosensitivity and sleep deprivation?

Which type of ion channels are implicated in genetic epilepsy when mutated?

What does the electroencephalogram (EEG) record?

What is the origin of focal (partial) seizures?

What contributes to the synchronized 'paroxysmal depolarizing shift' (PDS) during focal seizures?

How do focal seizures spread to other brain regions?

What is the primary origin of generalized seizures?

What brain region is more prone to seizures than the neocortex?

What can secondary generalization of seizures involve?

What does the electroencephalogram (EEG) help with?

What is the function of ion channels implicated in genetic epilepsy?

What is the main role of inhibitory pathways in the brain?

What can induce convulsions and lift depression in some patients?

What can cause a single neuron to fire bursts of action potentials?

What is the role of sodium channels and calcium channels in epilepsy?

Which type of seizures are particularly common at night?

What is the goal of antiepileptic drug therapy?

Which type of drugs were the first generation of antiepileptic drugs?

What is the main goal of antiepileptic drug therapy in terms of sodium channels?

Which of the following is a common symptom of epilepsy?

What is the main factor contributing to increased activity in the brain during epilepsy?

Which type of epilepsy is characterized by seizure activity localized at onset and recruiting activity in other brain regions as the seizure spreads?

What is the main requirement to avoid the 'explosion' of activity in the brain during epilepsy?

Which of the following is NOT true about epilepsy Genesis?

What is the main factor contributing to increased activity in the brain during epilepsy?

What happens to the patient during an epileptic seizure?

What is the function of ion channels implicated in genetic epilepsy?

What percentage of patients with epilepsy will respond well to medications and be seizure free?

What is the main reason why valproate is not favored in young women?

What is the main concern regarding the use of antiepileptic drugs in women with a learning disability?

Why is it important to be aware of drug interactions with antiepileptic drugs?

What is one of the key messages the speaker wants to drive home about antiepileptic drugs?

What is one of the disadvantages of using older antiepileptic drugs?

What is the primary goal of matching antiepileptic drugs to patients?

What is one advantage of more modern antiepileptic drugs?

Which type of epilepsy is more likely to be mentioned in the text?

What is the percentage of all epilepsy cases that are juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

Which age group is typically affected by juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

What is a characteristic feature of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

What can provoke seizures in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

What is the main reason for the warnings about flashing lights?