Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of Warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven)?
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of Warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven)?
- Inhibition of factor VIIa
- Inhibition of factor IIa (correct)
- Inhibition of factor Xa
- Inhibition of factor IXa
Which of the following is a common side effect of Low Molecular Weight Heparin (Enoxaparin)?
Which of the following is a common side effect of Low Molecular Weight Heparin (Enoxaparin)?
- Purple toe syndrome (correct)
- Hematochezia
- Hemoptysis
- Melena
What is the target International Normalized Ratio (INR) for patients on Warfarin?
What is the target International Normalized Ratio (INR) for patients on Warfarin?
- 3-4
- 1-2
- 4-5
- 2-3 (correct)
Which of the following is a potential complication of Low Molecular Weight Heparin?
Which of the following is a potential complication of Low Molecular Weight Heparin?
What is the most appropriate indication for Enoxaparin (Lovenox)?
What is the most appropriate indication for Enoxaparin (Lovenox)?
Which of the following is a sign or symptom of warfarin-induced bleeding?
Which of the following is a sign or symptom of warfarin-induced bleeding?
Which of the following is a key symptom of unstable angina?
Which of the following is a key symptom of unstable angina?
What is the main cause of Myocardial Infarction (MI)?
What is the main cause of Myocardial Infarction (MI)?
Which type of heart failure is characterized by congestion in the lungs?
Which type of heart failure is characterized by congestion in the lungs?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib)?
Which type of calcium channel blocker is Nifedipine?
Which type of calcium channel blocker is Nifedipine?
What is the main function of Nitroglycerin?
What is the main function of Nitroglycerin?
Which medication is used to treat dry eyes?
Which medication is used to treat dry eyes?
How do immune modulators like hydroxychloroquine work?
How do immune modulators like hydroxychloroquine work?
What is the main purpose of mycophenolate mofetil?
What is the main purpose of mycophenolate mofetil?
Which medication inhibits a protein needed for the production of interleukin-2?
Which medication inhibits a protein needed for the production of interleukin-2?
Which medication is used to treat conditions like genital warts and skin cancer?
Which medication is used to treat conditions like genital warts and skin cancer?
Which medication blocks leukotriene receptors to prevent airway edema, muscle contractions, and inflammation?
Which medication blocks leukotriene receptors to prevent airway edema, muscle contractions, and inflammation?
Which of the following medications is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and plaque psoriasis?
Which of the following medications is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and plaque psoriasis?
Which medication inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Which medication inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Which medication is used to prevent organ rejection and is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Which medication is used to prevent organ rejection and is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Which medication interferes with DNA synthesis, repair, and blocks cellular replication, thereby stopping unrestricted growth?
Which medication interferes with DNA synthesis, repair, and blocks cellular replication, thereby stopping unrestricted growth?
Which medication is converted to active metabolites that incorporate into replicating DNA, leading to the suppression of the immune response?
Which medication is converted to active metabolites that incorporate into replicating DNA, leading to the suppression of the immune response?
Which medication carries a black box warning for increased risk of cancer?
Which medication carries a black box warning for increased risk of cancer?
Which of the following is a Factor Xa Inhibitor used for DVT prophylaxis and treatment, as well as stroke prevention in nonvalvular A-Fib (NVAF)?
Which of the following is a Factor Xa Inhibitor used for DVT prophylaxis and treatment, as well as stroke prevention in nonvalvular A-Fib (NVAF)?
Which of the following is a Direct Thrombin Inhibitor used to prevent stroke and systemic embolism in patients with NVAF, as well as for the treatment/prevention of DVT and PE?
Which of the following is a Direct Thrombin Inhibitor used to prevent stroke and systemic embolism in patients with NVAF, as well as for the treatment/prevention of DVT and PE?
Which of the following is an anti-platelet medication that inhibits platelet plug formation by inhibiting the binding of ADP to the P2Y12 receptor on platelets?
Which of the following is an anti-platelet medication that inhibits platelet plug formation by inhibiting the binding of ADP to the P2Y12 receptor on platelets?
Which of the following anti-platelet medications is a prodrug that needs to be activated by CYP2C19?
Which of the following anti-platelet medications is a prodrug that needs to be activated by CYP2C19?
Which of the following anti-platelet medications should not be used in patients with a history of stroke or in patients over 75 years old?
Which of the following anti-platelet medications should not be used in patients with a history of stroke or in patients over 75 years old?
Which of the following hematopoietic agents promotes the division of erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow and stimulates red blood cell (RBC) production?
Which of the following hematopoietic agents promotes the division of erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow and stimulates red blood cell (RBC) production?
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Study Notes
Key Facts about Immune Modulators, Antihistamines, and Blood Pressure Medications
- Immune modulators, such as hydroxychloroquine and mycophenolate mofetil, are used to treat conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and prevent organ rejection.
- Hydroxychloroquine was previously thought to be effective against COVID-19, but it has been found to be ineffective.
- Hydroxychloroquine works by increasing the pH in parasites to interfere with the degradation of hemoglobin in the blood.
- Mycophenolate mofetil is converted to mycophenolic acid, which inhibits an enzyme required for DNA synthesis in B and T-cells, leading to a decreased immune response.
- Both hydroxychloroquine and mycophenolate mofetil can cause gastrointestinal upset and other side effects.
- Calcineurin inhibitors, such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus, work by inhibiting a protein needed for the production of interleukin-2, which activates T-cell maturation.
- Cyclosporine is used to treat dry eyes, while tacrolimus is used to prevent organ rejection.
- Tacrolimus has an increased risk of cancer and infections, and it should be avoided with grapefruit and live vaccines.
- Immune modulators, like imiquimod, stimulate the immune response and are used to treat conditions like genital warts and skin cancer.
- Antihistamines, such as azelastine and olopatadine, block histamine receptors or prevent histamine release, reducing inflammation and allergic symptoms.
- Leukotriene receptor antagonists, like montelukast, block leukotriene receptors to prevent airway edema, muscle contractions, and inflammation in asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Blood pressure medications, including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, beta-blockers, and A2 agonists, work by different mechanisms to lower blood pressure and manage cardiovascular conditions.
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