Medical Tests and Their Indicators
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Questions and Answers

What does a blue color change indicate in a fecal occult blood test?

  • Presence of hCG
  • Absence of colon disease
  • Presence of hidden blood (correct)
  • Presence of dietary fiber
  • What is a key advantage of the fecal occult blood test?

  • Requires invasive procedures
  • Provides immediate results
  • Low cost and non-invasive (correct)
  • Can identify the exact cause of bleeding
  • In a pregnancy test, when do hCG levels typically become detectable?

  • One week after implantation (correct)
  • Before ovulation
  • At the end of the first trimester
  • Immediately after fertilization
  • Which of the following conditions can a positive fecal occult blood test indicate?

    <p>Colon cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for urine specimens used in pregnancy tests?

    <p>1st morning urine for highest concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT associated with low chloride levels in the body?

    <p>Chronic renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive result in a urine chloride test indicate?

    <p>Presence of chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is NOT required for performing the urine chloride test?

    <p>Potassium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT critical when performing a microscopic examination of urine?

    <p>Presence of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of performing a microscopic examination of urine?

    <p>To detect insoluble substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In metabolic alkalosis, what happens to the pH levels in the blood?

    <p>Increases above normal range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual result indicates a positive urine chloride test?

    <p>White cloudy precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which renal disorder is least likely to be detected by urine chloride testing?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone does the pregnancy test primarily detect?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body fluids can HCG be detected in aside from urine?

    <p>Colostrum, milk, and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification does the Latex Agglutination Inhibition Test belong to?

    <p>Immunological Tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result when HCG is absent in a non-pregnant individual during the Latex Agglutination Inhibition Test?

    <p>Latex agglutinates, indicating a positive reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of pregnancy testing?

    <p>To confirm cases of pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of the reagents used in the Latex Agglutination Inhibition Test?

    <p>Phenol and sodium azide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test uses immature female white mice?

    <p>Aschheim-Zondek Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when HCG is present in the sample during the Latex Agglutination Inhibition Test?

    <p>Latex does not agglutinate, indicating a positive reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum volume of urine that must remain in the test tube after decantation?

    <p>0.5 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first procedure step in microscopic urinalysis after placing the urine sample in a test tube?

    <p>Perform urinary reagent strip testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is NOT typically expected to be observed in a normal urine microscopic examination?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of resuspending the sediment by agitation after centrifugation?

    <p>To ensure equal distribution of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which urinary component would indicate a potential renal disease when found in abnormal amounts?

    <p>Casts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During microscopic examination, what does a high count of White Blood Cells typically suggest?

    <p>Infection or inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following parameters is NOT analyzed using a urinary reagent strip?

    <p>Color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of urine sample should be used for microscopic examination?

    <p>Freshly collected sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reference range for calcium in plasma concentration?

    <p>8.8 – 10.4 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of calcium comprises the largest percentage of circulating calcium in the body?

    <p>Protein bound calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by an increase in total plasma calcium concentration?

    <p>Hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect calcium absorption in the body?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are associated with hypocalcemia?

    <p>Pins and needles, tetany, paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a heavy or milky turbidity indicate in a Sulkowitch test?

    <p>High calcium level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of metabolic alkalosis, an increased urine chloride level indicates which type?

    <p>Chloride-Resistant MA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a urine chloride test, what reagent is used to precipitate chloride as silver chloride?

    <p>Nitric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Sulkowitch test?

    <p>To detect urine calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reagent is NOT included in the composition of the Sulkowitch reagent?

    <p>Sodium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive result in the Sulkowitch test indicate?

    <p>Turbidity with precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indicator of heavy turbidity in the Sulkowitch test?

    <p>3+ Heavy turbidity with fine precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to elevated chloride levels in the urine?

    <p>Dehydration from vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte is most commonly associated with chloride in the body?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition could a chloride test potentially indicate a problem?

    <p>Kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of collection can be used for a chloride test?

    <p>Random urine sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urine Calcium Determination

    • Sample of Choice: A 24-hour urine collection provides a comprehensive measure of ion levels over a full day, aiding in diagnosing and monitoring health conditions.
    • 24-Hour Collection Advantages: Accounts for daily fluctuations in urine output and concentration, giving a complete picture of excretion rates.
    • Colorimetric Method (Calcium Arsenazo III): This method uses Arsenazo III reagent to form a blue-colored complex with calcium ions, the color intensity proportional to calcium concentration.
    • Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS): Measures light absorption by calcium atoms in a sample. Highly accurate, detects low calcium levels.
    • Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) Method: Uses an electrode selective to calcium ions. The measured potential difference is proportional to calcium concentration.
    • Complexometric Titration (EDTA Titration): EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) forms a complex with calcium ions. The amount of EDTA is measured to determine the concentration.
    • Sulkowitch Reagent Method: This method adds Sulkowitch reagent to a urine sample. The reaction creates a precipitate, and the amount of precipitate is measured to determine calcium levels. The reagent is composed of oxalic acid, ammonium oxalate, glacial acetic acid, and distilled water. A milky precipitate of calcium oxalate indicates the presence of calcium.

    Urine Chloride Determination

    • Methods: Volhard-Harvey Method, Mohr's Method, Ion-Selective Electrode Method.
    • Volhard-Harvey Method: Involves a titration process using silver nitrate and ammonium thiocyanate. Add a measured excess of silver nitrate to the urine sample. Filter to remove silver chloride precipitate and titrate the excess silver nitrate with ammonium thiocyanate using ferric ammonium sulfate as an indicator.
    • Mohr's Method: Uses mercurimetric titration with silver nitrate and potassium chromate as an indicator. Dissolve the urine sample in distilled water and add potassium chromate. Slowly add silver nitrate until a red-brown precipitate of silver chromate forms.
    • Ion-Selective Electrode Method: Uses an ion-selective electrode to directly measure chloride concentration.

    Calcium and Chloride Determination: AUBF Laboratory

    • Calcium in the Body: Calcium (Ca) is the most abundant mineral in the body, primarily found in bones (99%).
    • Calcium Types: Ionized, protein-bound, and complexed.
    • Calcium Reference Range: 8.8 - 10.4 mg/dL (2.2 - 2.6 mmol/L).
    • Factors Affecting Calcium Absorption: Acidic pH, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), high protein diet.
    • Calcium Distribution: 50% ionized/free (biologically active), 40% protein bound (biologically inactive), and 10% complexed.

    Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)

    • Purpose: Non-invasive test to detect hidden blood in stool, often used to screen for colorectal disease (e.g., colon cancer).
    • Types: Guaiac smear test and flushable reagent pads.
    • Positive Result Interpretation: May indicate colon polyps, colon cancer, esophagitis, gastritis, GI trauma, hemorrhoids, fissures, peptic ulcers, or complications from recent GI surgery.
    • Procedure: Collect consecutive stool samples. Smear the stool on a paper card. Add testing solution to the opposite side of the card. A blue color change indicates a positive reaction (hidden blood).

    Pregnancy Test

    • Principle: Based on the detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) produced by the placenta after implantation. hCG levels rise during pregnancy.
    • Urine Test: Urine specimen collected without preservatives; first morning urine usually has highest hCG concentration.
    • Blood Test: Quantitative or qualitative hCG blood tests are available.
    • Methods: Inhibition Agglutination Method, Immunochromatographic Assay , Digital Midstream Device, Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).
    • Test By Strips or Cassettes: Rapid immunoassay. Immerse test strip in urine, observe if colored lines appear within 5 minutes.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various medical tests, including fecal occult blood tests and pregnancy tests. This quiz covers indicators, advantages, and requirements for accurate results. Learn important facts about how these tests function and what their results can imply.

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