Medical Terms Anatomy Chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following bones is considered a short bone?

  • Femur
  • Humerus
  • Phalanges
  • Scaphoid (correct)

    • Irregular bones conform into a definite shape.

    False

    What type of bones are the humerus and femur classified as?

    Long bones

    What condition is caused by vitamin D deficiency in children?

    <p>Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is categorized as a clinical abnormality?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The layer of cancellous bone in flat bones is known as ______.

    <p>Diplöe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is known for its high proportion of amorphous matrix?

    <p>Hyaline Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bone marrow as a person ages?

    <p>Yellow marrow begins to appear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of bone cell responsible for bone resorption.

    <p>Osteoclast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical abnormalities with their descriptions:

    <p>Rheumatoid Arthritis = Affects joint symmetrically Bursitis = Localized pain and swelling inflamed from injury Scoliosis = Abnormal curvature of the spine Gout = Overstorage of uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to tissue if one of the coronary arteries is blocked?

    <p>tissue dies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Promotes digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Afferent fibers within the autonomic nervous system are purely motor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of sacral connector cells found?

    <p>In the sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The system of vessels interposed between two capillary beds is called the ______.

    <p>portal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What develops from splanchnopleure?

    <p>visceral layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons leave the ganglion and are not myelinated?

    <p>Excitor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions of the skeletal system with their descriptions.

    <p>Support = Provides a framework for the body Protection = Encloses vital organs Movement = Facilitates bodily motion Storage = Reservoir of minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of bones in the adult human body?

    <p>206 bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skeletal bones can be classified according to their ______.

    <p>composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints are associated with no movement?

    <p>Fibrous Joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction together with a small amount of rotation?

    <p>Condyloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atlantooccipital joint is a ball-and-socket joint.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a fixator in muscle action?

    <p>Stabilizes the origin of the prime mover for efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a 'prime mover' muscle?

    <p>It is the chief muscle responsible for a particular movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The connective tissue that unites two structures is known as a ______.

    <p>ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of synovial fluid?

    <p>To lubricate articular surfaces and allow smooth movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes fibrous joints?

    <p>They are fixed joints with little to no movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle fibers do the acromial fibers of the deltoid represent?

    <p>Pinnate muscle fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nervous system component governs involuntary functions?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of muscle tone?

    <p>It is the continuous and passive partial contraction of muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one condition associated with loss of sensation of pain in the joints.

    <p>Syringomyelia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of circumduction?

    <p>Circular limb movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of skin is known as the epidermis?

    <p>Superficial layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes movement away from the midline of the body?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?

    <p>Secretion of sebum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skin primarily consists of three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement of the trunk in the coronal plane is called ______.

    <p>Lateral Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of flexion?

    <p>Decreases the joint angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following anatomical terms with their meanings:

    <p>Dermato = Skin Hydro = Sweat Glands Lip/Adipo = Fat Myco = Fungus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The median sagittal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical position refers to lying on the back?

    <p>Supine Position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary type of muscle that is involuntary and has a branched structure?

    <p>Cardiac Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Medical Terms

    • Terms related to skin:
      • Dermato: Skin
      • Hydro: Sweat glands
      • Ichthyo: Scaly
      • Kerato: Overgrowth of keratin
      • Phyto/Onycho: Hair
      • Lipo/Adipo: Fat
      • Melano: Dark pigments
      • Myco: Fungus
      • Steato: Fat in stool

    Anatomy

    • Anatomy studies the structure and function of the body.
    • Two major fields:
      • Clinical Anatomy: Macroscopic structures relevant to medicine.
      • Basic Anatomy: Fundamental understanding of overall structure and function.

    Disciplines of Anatomy

    • Gross Anatomy: Structures studied with the naked eye.
    • Systemic Anatomy: Organized by systems.
    • Regional Anatomy: Focuses on specific body regions.
    • Microscopic Anatomy (Histology): Studies cellular structures.
    • Cell Biology and Developmental Anatomy (Embryology): Cellular functions and developmental processes.
    • Pathological Anatomy: Studies changes due to disease.
    • Radiological Anatomy: Uses imaging techniques to study anatomy.

    Body Positions

    • Anatomic Position: Standing erect, arms at the sides, palms forward.
    • Supine Position: Lying on the back.
    • Prone Position: Lying face down.

    Planes of the Body

    • Median Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into equal left and right halves.
    • Coronal Plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
    • Horizontal/Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

    Terms Describing Location

    • Anterior (Ventral): Front side.
    • Posterior (Dorsal): Back side.
    • Medial: Closer to the midline.
    • Lateral: Farther from the midline.
    • Superior: Above.
    • Inferior: Below.
    • Proximal: Closer to origin.
    • Distal: Further from origin.
    • Flexion: Decreases joint angle along sagittal plane.
    • Extension: Increases joint angle.
    • Abduction: Moves limb away from midline.
    • Adduction: Moves limb toward midline.
    • Rotation: Movement around an axis; includes medial and lateral rotations.
    • Epidermis: Stratified epithelial tissue, superficial layer of skin.
    • Dermis: Deep layer known as "corium," consists of dense connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves.
    • Skin appendages: Includes nails, hair, sebaceous glands (produce sebum), and sweat glands.

    Muscle Structure and Types

    • Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary movement; composed of muscle fibers organized into fascicles.
      • Endomysium: Wraps individual muscle fibers.
      • Perimysium: Wraps fascicles.
      • Epimysium: Surrounds entire muscle.
    • Smooth Muscle: Non-striated, involuntary, found in walls of hollow organs.
    • Cardiac Muscle: Striated, involuntary, branched structure; forms the heart.

    Synovial Joints Classification

    • Plane Joints: Allow sliding movements; e.g., acromioclavicular joints.
    • Hinge Joints: Allow flexion and extension; e.g., knee and elbow.
    • Pivot Joints: Allow rotation; e.g., atlantoaxial joint.
    • Condyloid Joints: Allow movement in two planes; e.g., wrist joint.
    • Saddle Joints: Allow two-dimensional movement; e.g., thumb joint.
    • Ellipsoid Joints: Allow all movements except rotation; e.g., wrist.

    Additional Notes

    • Skin lacks sweat glands in areas like lips and glans penis.
    • Alopecia refers to hair loss, often due to heredity or injury.
    • Shock is characterized by pale skin and "goose flesh" due to sympathetic nervous system activity.
    • DSE (Dermatologic Signs and Evaluations): Includes observations related to skin health, such as petichiae and infections.### Muscle Actions
    • Quadriceps Femoris: Primarily responsible for knee extension.
    • Rhomboids: Retracts scapula, stabilizing the shoulder blades.
    • Biceps Femoris: Acts as an antagonist to knee joint extension.
    • Serratus Anterior: Involved in scapula retraction.

    Types of Muscles and Their Roles

    • Fixator: Stabilizes the origin of a prime mover to enhance efficiency without causing movement.
    • Synergist: Prevents unwanted movements at intermediate joints during muscle contraction.

    Joint Types

    • Cartilaginous Joints: Bones united by cartilage, allowing very limited movement. Examples include:

      • Primary: Epiphysis and Diaphysis of growing bones, First Rib and Manubrium Sterni.
      • Secondary: Symphysis pubis, intervertebral column.

    • Synovial Joints: Allow the greatest degree of movement, categorized by structures including:

      • Ball-and-Socket: E.g., shoulder and hip joints; allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.
      • Articular Cartilage: Smooth surface providing lubrication and force distribution.

    Joint Stability Factors

    • Articular Surfaces: The shape influences stability; however, certain joint types (e.g., acromioclavicular, calcaneocuboidal) have limited movement regardless of shape.
    • Ligaments: Fibrous tissue connecting bones; can be:
      • Fibrous Ligaments: Prevent excess movement and can stretch under long-term stress (e.g., flat feet).
      • Elastic Ligaments: Regain original length after stretching (e.g., ligamentum flavum of vertebrae).

    Muscle Tone and Nerve Supply

    • Muscle Tone: The continuous activation of muscles maintaining partial contraction; important for stability.

      • Flaccid: Reflexes are interrupted.
      • Hypotonic: Reduced muscle tone.

    • Nerve Supply:

      • Motor Function (60%): Controls voluntary movements.
      • Sensory Function (40%): Provides feedback about sensations to the CNS.

    Naming Skeletal Muscles

    • Characteristics: Based on shape, size, number of bellies, and position. Examples include:
      • Shape: Deltoid (triangular), Teres (round).
      • Size: Major (large), Longissimus (longest).
      • Position: Pectoralis (chest).

    Lymphatic System Overview

    • Lymph: Excess tissue fluid; crucial for immune response.
    • Lymphatic Vessels: Drain tissue fluid, forming a pathway back to the bloodstream.

    Nervous System Organization

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord.

    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Consists of cranial and spinal nerves.

    • Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary functions; includes sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) systems.

    Blood Vessels

    • Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart; smallest are arterioles.
    • Veins: Return blood to the heart; smallest are venules, with valves to prevent backflow.
    • Portal System: Connects capillary beds, allowing blood to pass through two capillary systems before returning to the heart.

    Clinical Notes

    • Syringomyelia: A condition characterized by loss of pain sensation due to nervous system disease.
    • Obturator Nerve: Supplies both hip and knee joints.### Autonomic Nervous System
    • Preganglionic fibers from cranial nerves synapse with excitatory cells in peripheral ganglia: ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic.
    • Sacral cranial centers (CC) are located in the gray matter of S2, S3, and S4 spinal cord segments.
    • Sacral CCs exit the spinal cord via anterior nerve roots, forming pelvic splanchnic nerves.
    • Postganglionic fibers are found in hypogastric plexuses and visceral walls.

    Neuron Communication

    • Synapse: junction between two neurons; neurotransmitter acetylcholine facilitates communication.
    • Axons of excitatory neurons leaving ganglia are unmyelinated.
    • Afferent fibers carry sensory information, such as muscle stretch and oxygen levels, with cell bodies located in sensory ganglia or posterior root ganglia.

    Membranes

    • Mucous membranes consist of epithelial cells and connective tissue, may secrete mucus and line organs.
    • Serous membranes are made of mesothelial cells with a supporting connective tissue layer, having:
      • Parietal layer: lines cavity walls, innervated by spinal nerves, sensitive to pain.
      • Visceral layer: covers organs, innervated by autonomic nervous system, insensitive to touch and temperature but sensitive to stretch.

    Splanchnic Nerves

    • Preganglionic splanchnic nerves include Greater (T5-T9), Lesser (T10-T11), and Lowest (T12, if present).
    • Postganglionic fibers arise in celiac and renal plexuses and innervate smooth muscles and glands.

    Sympathetic Nervous System Structure

    • Sympathetic trunk runs along the vertebral column, with ganglia: 3 in neck, 11-12 in thorax, 4-5 in lumbar, and 4-5 in pelvis.
    • Ganglion Impar forms at the end of the sympathetic trunk.

    Afferent Fibers

    • Afferent fibers enter sympathetic ganglia without synapsing and are myelinated.
    • Pathway: From viscera → white rami communicantes → spinal nerve → post.root ganglia → CNS.

    Bone Overview

    • The human skeleton has a total of 206 bones, divided into axial skeleton (spinal cord, skull) and appendicular skeleton (limbs).
    • Types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

    Bone Composition and Development

    • Bones can be membranous (directly from connective tissue, e.g., skull) or endochondral (from cartilage, e.g., long bones).
    • Bone could be hard due to calcified extracellular matrix or elastic due to elastic fibers.

    Clinical Abnormalities

    • Conditions include rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, tendonitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, osteoporosis, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, rickets, gout, acromegaly, spina bifida, and club foot, each with specific symptoms and underlying causes.

    Cartilage Types

    • Hyaline cartilage: high amorphous matrix, crucial for long bone growth, unable to repair.
    • Fibrocartilage: rich in collagen fibers, found in joints (e.g., knee).
    • Elastic cartilage: capable of self-healing, maintains shape.

    Bone Cells

    • Osteocytes: mature bone cells.
    • Osteoblasts: involved in bone formation.
    • Osteoclasts: specialized for bone resorption; act as macrophages.
    • Osteoid: unmineralized bone matrix composed of collagen and ground substance.

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    Description

    Explore the foundational concepts of anatomy and medical terminology in this quiz. Chapter One introduces key terms related to bodily functions and structure, including movement types and skin-related vocabulary. Test your knowledge of the basics in the study of human anatomy.

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