Questions and Answers
Which of the following bones is considered a short bone?
Irregular bones conform into a definite shape.
False
What type of bones are the humerus and femur classified as?
Long bones
What condition is caused by vitamin D deficiency in children?
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Which of these is categorized as a clinical abnormality?
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The layer of cancellous bone in flat bones is known as ______.
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Which type of cartilage is known for its high proportion of amorphous matrix?
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What happens to bone marrow as a person ages?
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Name one type of bone cell responsible for bone resorption.
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Match the following clinical abnormalities with their descriptions:
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What happens to tissue if one of the coronary arteries is blocked?
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What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Afferent fibers within the autonomic nervous system are purely motor.
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Where are the cell bodies of sacral connector cells found?
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The system of vessels interposed between two capillary beds is called the ______.
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What develops from splanchnopleure?
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What type of neurons leave the ganglion and are not myelinated?
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Match the following functions of the skeletal system with their descriptions.
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What is the total number of bones in the adult human body?
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Skeletal bones can be classified according to their ______.
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What type of joints are associated with no movement?
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Which joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction together with a small amount of rotation?
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The atlantooccipital joint is a ball-and-socket joint.
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What is the primary role of a fixator in muscle action?
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What is the definition of a 'prime mover' muscle?
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The connective tissue that unites two structures is known as a ______.
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What is the function of synovial fluid?
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What characterizes fibrous joints?
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What type of muscle fibers do the acromial fibers of the deltoid represent?
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What nervous system component governs involuntary functions?
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What is the effect of muscle tone?
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Identify one condition associated with loss of sensation of pain in the joints.
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What is the meaning of circumduction?
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Which layer of skin is known as the epidermis?
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Which term describes movement away from the midline of the body?
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What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?
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The skin primarily consists of three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
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The movement of the trunk in the coronal plane is called ______.
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What is the definition of flexion?
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Match the following anatomical terms with their meanings:
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The median sagittal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.
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Which anatomical position refers to lying on the back?
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What is the primary type of muscle that is involuntary and has a branched structure?
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Study Notes
Medical Terms
- Terms related to skin:
- Dermato: Skin
- Hydro: Sweat glands
- Ichthyo: Scaly
- Kerato: Overgrowth of keratin
- Phyto/Onycho: Hair
- Lipo/Adipo: Fat
- Melano: Dark pigments
- Myco: Fungus
- Steato: Fat in stool
Anatomy
- Anatomy studies the structure and function of the body.
- Two major fields:
- Clinical Anatomy: Macroscopic structures relevant to medicine.
- Basic Anatomy: Fundamental understanding of overall structure and function.
Disciplines of Anatomy
- Gross Anatomy: Structures studied with the naked eye.
- Systemic Anatomy: Organized by systems.
- Regional Anatomy: Focuses on specific body regions.
- Microscopic Anatomy (Histology): Studies cellular structures.
- Cell Biology and Developmental Anatomy (Embryology): Cellular functions and developmental processes.
- Pathological Anatomy: Studies changes due to disease.
- Radiological Anatomy: Uses imaging techniques to study anatomy.
Body Positions
- Anatomic Position: Standing erect, arms at the sides, palms forward.
- Supine Position: Lying on the back.
- Prone Position: Lying face down.
Planes of the Body
- Median Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into equal left and right halves.
- Coronal Plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
- Horizontal/Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
Terms Describing Location
- Anterior (Ventral): Front side.
- Posterior (Dorsal): Back side.
- Medial: Closer to the midline.
- Lateral: Farther from the midline.
- Superior: Above.
- Inferior: Below.
- Proximal: Closer to origin.
- Distal: Further from origin.
Terms Related to Movement
- Flexion: Decreases joint angle along sagittal plane.
- Extension: Increases joint angle.
- Abduction: Moves limb away from midline.
- Adduction: Moves limb toward midline.
- Rotation: Movement around an axis; includes medial and lateral rotations.
Skin and Related Structures
- Epidermis: Stratified epithelial tissue, superficial layer of skin.
- Dermis: Deep layer known as "corium," consists of dense connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves.
- Skin appendages: Includes nails, hair, sebaceous glands (produce sebum), and sweat glands.
Muscle Structure and Types
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Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary movement; composed of muscle fibers organized into fascicles.
- Endomysium: Wraps individual muscle fibers.
- Perimysium: Wraps fascicles.
- Epimysium: Surrounds entire muscle.
- Smooth Muscle: Non-striated, involuntary, found in walls of hollow organs.
- Cardiac Muscle: Striated, involuntary, branched structure; forms the heart.
Synovial Joints Classification
- Plane Joints: Allow sliding movements; e.g., acromioclavicular joints.
- Hinge Joints: Allow flexion and extension; e.g., knee and elbow.
- Pivot Joints: Allow rotation; e.g., atlantoaxial joint.
- Condyloid Joints: Allow movement in two planes; e.g., wrist joint.
- Saddle Joints: Allow two-dimensional movement; e.g., thumb joint.
- Ellipsoid Joints: Allow all movements except rotation; e.g., wrist.
Additional Notes
- Skin lacks sweat glands in areas like lips and glans penis.
- Alopecia refers to hair loss, often due to heredity or injury.
- Shock is characterized by pale skin and "goose flesh" due to sympathetic nervous system activity.
- DSE (Dermatologic Signs and Evaluations): Includes observations related to skin health, such as petichiae and infections.### Muscle Actions
- Quadriceps Femoris: Primarily responsible for knee extension.
- Rhomboids: Retracts scapula, stabilizing the shoulder blades.
- Biceps Femoris: Acts as an antagonist to knee joint extension.
- Serratus Anterior: Involved in scapula retraction.
Types of Muscles and Their Roles
- Fixator: Stabilizes the origin of a prime mover to enhance efficiency without causing movement.
- Synergist: Prevents unwanted movements at intermediate joints during muscle contraction.
Joint Types
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Cartilaginous Joints: Bones united by cartilage, allowing very limited movement. Examples include:
- Primary: Epiphysis and Diaphysis of growing bones, First Rib and Manubrium Sterni.
- Secondary: Symphysis pubis, intervertebral column.
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Synovial Joints: Allow the greatest degree of movement, categorized by structures including:
- Ball-and-Socket: E.g., shoulder and hip joints; allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.
- Articular Cartilage: Smooth surface providing lubrication and force distribution.
Joint Stability Factors
- Articular Surfaces: The shape influences stability; however, certain joint types (e.g., acromioclavicular, calcaneocuboidal) have limited movement regardless of shape.
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Ligaments: Fibrous tissue connecting bones; can be:
- Fibrous Ligaments: Prevent excess movement and can stretch under long-term stress (e.g., flat feet).
- Elastic Ligaments: Regain original length after stretching (e.g., ligamentum flavum of vertebrae).
Muscle Tone and Nerve Supply
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Muscle Tone: The continuous activation of muscles maintaining partial contraction; important for stability.
- Flaccid: Reflexes are interrupted.
- Hypotonic: Reduced muscle tone.
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Nerve Supply:
- Motor Function (60%): Controls voluntary movements.
- Sensory Function (40%): Provides feedback about sensations to the CNS.
Naming Skeletal Muscles
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Characteristics: Based on shape, size, number of bellies, and position. Examples include:
- Shape: Deltoid (triangular), Teres (round).
- Size: Major (large), Longissimus (longest).
- Position: Pectoralis (chest).
Lymphatic System Overview
- Lymph: Excess tissue fluid; crucial for immune response.
- Lymphatic Vessels: Drain tissue fluid, forming a pathway back to the bloodstream.
Nervous System Organization
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Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord.
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Consists of cranial and spinal nerves.
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Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary functions; includes sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) systems.
Blood Vessels
- Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart; smallest are arterioles.
- Veins: Return blood to the heart; smallest are venules, with valves to prevent backflow.
- Portal System: Connects capillary beds, allowing blood to pass through two capillary systems before returning to the heart.
Clinical Notes
- Syringomyelia: A condition characterized by loss of pain sensation due to nervous system disease.
- Obturator Nerve: Supplies both hip and knee joints.### Autonomic Nervous System
- Preganglionic fibers from cranial nerves synapse with excitatory cells in peripheral ganglia: ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic.
- Sacral cranial centers (CC) are located in the gray matter of S2, S3, and S4 spinal cord segments.
- Sacral CCs exit the spinal cord via anterior nerve roots, forming pelvic splanchnic nerves.
- Postganglionic fibers are found in hypogastric plexuses and visceral walls.
Neuron Communication
- Synapse: junction between two neurons; neurotransmitter acetylcholine facilitates communication.
- Axons of excitatory neurons leaving ganglia are unmyelinated.
- Afferent fibers carry sensory information, such as muscle stretch and oxygen levels, with cell bodies located in sensory ganglia or posterior root ganglia.
Membranes
- Mucous membranes consist of epithelial cells and connective tissue, may secrete mucus and line organs.
- Serous membranes are made of mesothelial cells with a supporting connective tissue layer, having:
- Parietal layer: lines cavity walls, innervated by spinal nerves, sensitive to pain.
- Visceral layer: covers organs, innervated by autonomic nervous system, insensitive to touch and temperature but sensitive to stretch.
Splanchnic Nerves
- Preganglionic splanchnic nerves include Greater (T5-T9), Lesser (T10-T11), and Lowest (T12, if present).
- Postganglionic fibers arise in celiac and renal plexuses and innervate smooth muscles and glands.
Sympathetic Nervous System Structure
- Sympathetic trunk runs along the vertebral column, with ganglia: 3 in neck, 11-12 in thorax, 4-5 in lumbar, and 4-5 in pelvis.
- Ganglion Impar forms at the end of the sympathetic trunk.
Afferent Fibers
- Afferent fibers enter sympathetic ganglia without synapsing and are myelinated.
- Pathway: From viscera → white rami communicantes → spinal nerve → post.root ganglia → CNS.
Bone Overview
- The human skeleton has a total of 206 bones, divided into axial skeleton (spinal cord, skull) and appendicular skeleton (limbs).
- Types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.
Bone Composition and Development
- Bones can be membranous (directly from connective tissue, e.g., skull) or endochondral (from cartilage, e.g., long bones).
- Bone could be hard due to calcified extracellular matrix or elastic due to elastic fibers.
Clinical Abnormalities
- Conditions include rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, tendonitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, osteoporosis, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, rickets, gout, acromegaly, spina bifida, and club foot, each with specific symptoms and underlying causes.
Cartilage Types
- Hyaline cartilage: high amorphous matrix, crucial for long bone growth, unable to repair.
- Fibrocartilage: rich in collagen fibers, found in joints (e.g., knee).
- Elastic cartilage: capable of self-healing, maintains shape.
Bone Cells
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells.
- Osteoblasts: involved in bone formation.
- Osteoclasts: specialized for bone resorption; act as macrophages.
- Osteoid: unmineralized bone matrix composed of collagen and ground substance.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of anatomy and medical terminology in this quiz. Chapter One introduces key terms related to bodily functions and structure, including movement types and skin-related vocabulary. Test your knowledge of the basics in the study of human anatomy.
