Medical Terminology: Root Words

Medical Terminology Roots

• adip(o) stands for fatty.
• cutan(o) refers to skin.
• dermat(o) and derm(o) also mean skin.
• hidr(o) signifies sweat.
• ichthy(o) denotes fish or scaly.
• kerat(o) indicates horny tissue.
• lip(o) means fatty.
• melan(o) refers to black or very dark.
• myc(o) stands for fungus.
• onych(o) means nail.
• pil(o) refers to hair.
• seb(o) stands for sebum or sebaceous glands.
• steat(o) means fat.
• trich(o) refers to hair.
• xanth(o) signifies yellow.
• xer(o) denotes dry.
• cervic(o) signifies neck.
• chondr(o) refers to cartilage.
• condyl(o) means knob or knuckle.
• crani(o) stands for skull.
• dactyl(o) and fasci(o) both refer to fascia.
• femor(o) signifies femur.
• fibr(o) means fiber.
• humer(o) stands for humerus.
• ili(o) refers to ilium.
• ischi(o) stands for ischium.
• kyph(o) means hump or bent.
• lamin(o) signifies lamina.
• leiomy(o) means smooth muscle.
• ankyl(o) refers to bent or crooked.
• arthr(o) signifies joint.
• brachi(o) denotes arm.
• burs(o) stands for bursa.
• calcane(o) means heel.
• calci(o) signifies calcium.
• carp(o) denotes wrist.
• cephal(o) means head.
• lumb(o) refers to lumbar.
• maxill(o) means upper jaw.
• metacarpal(o) signifies metacarpal.
• my(o) refers to muscle.
• myel(o) means spinal cord or bone marrow.
• oste(o) stands for bone.
• patell(o) signifies knee.
• ped(i) and ped(o) both refer to foot.
• pelv(i) stands for pelvis.
• phalang(o) means finger or toe bone.
• pod(o) refers to foot.
• pub(o) signifies pubes.
• rachi(o) denotes spine.
• radi(o) stands for forearm bone.
• rhabd(o) means rod-shaped.
• rhabdomy(o) signifies striated muscle.
• scapul(o) refers to scapula.
• scoli(o) means curved.
• spondyl(o) signifies vertebra.
• stern(o) stands for sternum.
• synov(o) means synovial membrane.
• tars(o) signifies tarsus.
• ten(o) and tend(o) both mean tendon.
• tendin(o) also means tendon.
• thorac(o) signifies thorax.
• tibi(o) refers to tibia.
• uln(o) means ulna.
• vertebr(o) signifies vertebra.
• cerebell(o) denotes cerebellum.
• cerebr(o) and cerebri refer to cerebrum.
• crani(o) signifies cranium.
• encephal(o) means brain.
• gangli(o) stands for ganglion.
• gli(o) denotes neuroglia.
• mening(o) and meningi(o) refer to meninges.
• myel(o) signifies bone marrow or spinal cord.
• neur(o) and neuri both denote nerve.
• spin(o) refers to spine.
• thalam(o) refers to thalamus.
• vag(o) signifies the vagus nerve.
• ventricul(o) denotes ventricle.
• anden(o) stands for gland.
• adren(o) and adrenal(o) signify adrenal glands.
• gluc(o) means glucose.
• glyc(o) signifies glycogen.
• gonad(o) refers to sex glands.
• pancreat(o) signifies pancreas.
• parathyroid(o) refers to the parathyroid.
• thyr(o) and thyroid(o) signify thyroid gland.
• agglutin(o) means clumping.
• eosino refers to rosy red.
• erythr(o) signifies red.
• hemo and hemat(o) both refer to blood.
• leuk(o) signifies white.
• phag(o) means eating or devouring.
• angi(o) signifies blood vessel.
• aort(o) stands for aorta.
• arteri(o) and arter(o) both refer to artery.
• ather(o) signifies fatty matter.
• atri(o) means atrium.
• cardi(o) stands for heart.
• hemangi(o) signifies blood vessel.
• pericardial(o) denotes pericardium.
• phleb(o) means vein.
• sphygm(o) signifies pulse.
• thromb(o) means blood clot.
• vas(o) signifies blood vessel.
• ven(o) means vein.
• adenoid(o) signifies adenoid.
• alveol(o) refers to alveolus.
• bronch(o) and bronchi(o) both signify bronchus.
• bronchiol(o) denotes bronchiole.
• capan(o) refers to carbon dioxide.
• epiglott(o) signifies epiglottis.
• laryng(o) refers to larynx.
• lob(o) signifies lobe of the lung.
• mediastinum(o) denotes mediastinum.
• nas(o) refers to nose.
• or(o) means mouth.
• ox(o), oxi, and oxy all mean oxygen.
• pharyng(o) signifies pharynx.
• phon(o) refers to voice or sound.
• phren(o) signifies diaphragm.
• pleur(o) denotes pleura.
• pneumonia(o) and pneumono both refer to air and lung.
• rhin(o) means nose.
• spir(o) signifies breathing.
• steth(o) refers to chest.
• thorac(o) refers to thorax or chest.
• tonsill(o) signifies tonsils.
• trachea(o) denotes trachea.
• aden(o) signifies gland.
• immun(o) denotes immunity.
• lymph(o) stands for lymph.
• lymphadenopathy(o) signifies lymph nodes.
• lymphangi(o) denotes lymphatic vessels.
• splendid(o) signifies spleen.
• thym(o) refers to thymus.
• tox(o), toxi and toxico refer to poison.
• stomat(o) signifies mouth.
• dent(o) and odont(o) both refer to teeth.
• gloss(o) and lingu(o) denote tongue.
• cheil(o) signifies lips.
• gingiv(o) refers to gums.
• esophag(o) signifies esophagus.
• pharyng(o) refers to pharynx.
• gastr(o) denotes stomach.
• enter(o) refers to intestine.
• duoden(o) signifies duodenum.
• jejun(o) refers to jejunum.
• ile(o) signifies ileum.
• colon(o) refers to colon.
• sigmoid(o) signifies sigmoid colon.
• rect(o) refers to rectum.
• proct(o) signifies anus and rectum.
• hepat(o) refers to liver.
• cholecyst(o) signifies gallbladder.
• cyst(o) signifies bladder.
• saliv(o) refers to salivary glands.

Common Abbreviations

• a means before.
• ac means before meals.
• AMI stands for acute myocardial infarction.
• bid means twice a day.
• BP stands for blood pressure.
• c/o means complaining of.
• Ca stands for cancer/carcinoma.
• CC means chief complaint.
• COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
• CXR stands for chest x-ray.
• DOB means date of birth.
• Dx means diagnosis.
• ECG/EKG stands for electrocardiogram.
• Fx means fracture.
• GI stands for gastrointestinal.
• h/o means history of.
• HEENT refers to head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat.
• HTN stands for hypertension.
• Hx means history.
• IM stands for intramuscular.
• LAC means laceration.
• LOC means level of consciousness.
• mcg stands for microgram.
• NKDA means no known drug allergies.
• npo means nothing by mouth.
• po menas by mouth.
• PRN means as needed.
• qid means four times a day.
• SOB means shortness of breath.
• tid means three times a day.
• Tx means treatment.
• w/o means without.
• WNL means within normal limits.
• LLQ means left lower quadrant.
• LUQ means left upper quadrant.
• RLQ means right lower quadrant.
• RUQ means right upper quadrant.
• lat means lateral.
• AP means anteroposterior or front to back.
• BSA means body surface area.
• Bx means biopsy.
• Derm stands for dermatology.
• HIV means human immunodeficiency virus/disease.
• HSV means herpes simplex virus.
• I&D means incision and drainage.
• ID means infectious disease.
• Oint means ointment.
• PPD means purified protein derivative, used in a skin test for tuberculosis.
• Staph stands for staphylococcus.
• STI means sexually transmitted infection.
• Strep represents streptococcus.
• TB means tuberculosis.
• AKA means above knee amputee.
• AROM means active range of motion.
• C1 means first cervical vertebrae.
• CPK means creatine phosphokinase.
• CTS means carpal tunnel syndrome.
• D.O. means Doctor of Osteopathy.
• EMG means electromyogram.
• Fx means fracture.
• NSAID means nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
• PROM means passive range of motion.
• ROM means range of motion.
• ALS stands for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
• CNS means central nervous system.
• CSF means cerebrospinal fluid.
• CVA stands for cerebrovascular accident.
• ICP means intracranial pressure.
• MRA means magnetic resonance angiography.
• MRI means magnetic resonance imaging.
• PNS means peripheral nervous system.
• SCI means spinal cord injury.
• TENS means transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
• TIA means transient ischemic attack.
• DM means diabetes mellitus.
• GH means growth hormone.
• IDDM means insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
• SIADH means syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.
• t4 represents thyroxine.
• baso means basophil.
• BMT means bone marrow transplant.
• CBC means complete blood cell count.
• eos means eosinophil.
• ESR means erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
• PT means prothrombin time.
• Rh means rhesus.
• SR means sedimentation rate.
• Hgb/Hb represents hemoglobin.
• mono means monocyte.
• PTT means partial thromboplastin time.
• RBC means red blood cell count.
• WBC means white blood cell count.
• AV means atrioventricular.
• CAD means coronary artery disease.
• CPK means creatine phosphokinase.
• LDL means low-density lipoprotein.
• MI means myocardial infarction.
• PTCA means percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
• SV means stroke volume.
• ABG means arterial blood gas.
• AFB means acid-fast bacillus.
• ARDS means acute respiratory distress syndrome or adult respiratory distress syndrome.
• CPAP means continuous positive airway pressure.
• LRT means lower respiratory tract.
• MDI means metered dose inhaler.
• PFT means pulmonary function test.
• SIDS means sudden infant death syndrome.
• URT means upper respiratory tract.
• AB means antibiotic.
• EIA means enzyme immunoassay.
• PCP means pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
• PMN means polymorphonucleated cells.
• RES means reticuloendothelial system.
• ALT means alanine aminotransferase.
• AST means aspartate aminotransferase.
• BM means bowel movement.
• BMI means body mass index.
• EGD means esophagogastroduodenoscopy.
• GB means gallbladder.
• GI means gastrointestinal.
• HAV means hepatitis A.
• HBV means hepatitis B.
• HCV means hepatitis C.
• HDV means hepatitis D.
• HEV means hepatitis E.
• IBD means inflammatory bowel syndrome.
• IBS means irritable bowel syndrome.
• LFT means liver function test.
• NG means nasogastric.
• PUD means peptic ulcer disease.
• SGOT means serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase.
• SGPT means serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase.
• TPN means total parenteral nutrition.
• UGI means upper gastrointestinal.

Word Building

• eosinopenia means an abnormally low count of eosinophils.
• leukoblast refers to an immature white blood cell.
• erythrocyte refers to a red blood cell.
• thrombocyte refers to a cell involved in blood clotting.
• agglutinogens cause the production of agglutinin.
• phagocyte is a cell that consumes other substances, such as bacteria.
• hemodialysis involves external dialysis by separating solid substances and water from blood.
• cytoplasm describes the solution filling the cell enclosed by the cell membrane.
• encephalitis means inflammation of the brain.
• vagotomy is the surgical severing of the vagus nerve.
• cerebellitis indicates inflammation of the cerebellum.
• gangliform describes having the shape of a ganglion.
• ventriculitis indicates inflammation of the ventricles of the brain.
• neuritis means inflammation of a nerve.
• craniofacial relates to the face and skull.
• myelomalacia indicates softening of the spinal cord.
• gliomatosis is abnormal growth of neuroglia in the brain and spinal column.
• thalamotomy involves an incision into the thalamus to destroy a portion causing or transmitting pain sensations.
• cephalgia means pain in the head.
• meningocele involves the protrusion of spinal meninges above the skin surface.
• pancreatitis indicates inflammation of the pancreas.
• glycolysis involves conversion of glycogen to glucose.
• adenopathy indicates glandular or lymph node disease.
• gonadotropin is a hormone that aids gonad growth.
• glucogenesis is the enlargement of adrenal glands.
• thyrotoxic refers to having excessive thyroid hormones.
• parathyroidectomy involves the excision of parathyroid glands.
• adiposis is excessive accumulation of body fat.
• dermatitis means inflammation of the skin.
• dermabrasion involves a surgical procedure using an abrasive to remove acne scars.
• bidrosis means producing and excreting sweat.
• ichthyosis is a congenital skin disorder with dryness and peeling.
• keratosis is a skin lesion covered by a horny layer.
• liposuction removes unwanted fat via suctioning through tubes.
• melanoma is a malignancy arising from cells that form melanin..
• mycosis is any condition caused by fungus.
• onychotomy is an incision into a nail.
• pilocystic relates to a skin cyst with hair.
• seborrhea is excessive sebum due to overactivity of sebaceous glands.
• steatitis is inflammation of fatty tissue.
• xanthoma is yellow growth or discoloration of the skin.
• xeroderma is excessive dryness of the skin.
• ankylosis involves the fixation of a joint in a bent position due to disease.
• arthrogram is an x-ray of a joint.
• craniotomy is an incision into the skull.
• branchiocephalic relates to the arm and the head.
• bursitis is inflammation of a bursa.
• cervicodynia means neck pain.
• chondroplasty is surgical repair of cartilage.
• fibroma is a benign tumor in fibrous tissue.
• humeroscapular relates to the humerus and scapula.
• iliofemoral relates to the ilium and femur.
• ischiodynia means pain in the ischium.
• maxillofacial pertains to the jaws and face.
• metacarpectomy is excision of a metacarpal.
• myelocyst is a cyst in bone marrow.
• osteoarthritis is erosion of cartilage and bone with joint pain.
• patellectomy is excision of the patella.
• sternodynia means pain in the sternum.
• synovitis is inflammation of a synovial joint.
• vertebroarterial refers to a vertebral artery or vertebra.
• myringitis is inflammation of the tympanic membrane.
• cyclodialysis relieves intraocular pressure in glaucoma.
• conjunctivoplasty is plastic surgery on the conjunctiva.
• phacoma is a tumor of the lens.
• sclerectasia is bulging of the sclera.
• audiometer measures hearing.
• iridoptosis is prolapse of the iris.
• ossiculectomy removes ossicles of the middle ear.
• uveitis is inflammation of the uvea.
• blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelid.
• lacrimotomy makes an incision into the lacrimal duct.
• optometer pertains to the cornea and sclera.
• tympanoplasty repairs a damaged middle ear.
• mastoiditis inflames the mastoid process.
• coreoplasty corrects the size and shape of a pupil.
• keratoconus abnormally protrudes the cornea.
• dacryolith is a calculus in the tear duct.
• ophthalmoscope studies the interior of the eyeball.
• auriculocranial pertains to the auricle of the ear and the cranium.
• retinitis is inflammation of the retina.
• ceruminolytic softens earwax.
• oculodynia means pain in the eyeball.
• scotometer evaluates a scotoma or blind spot.
• cochleovestibular pertains to the cochlea and vestibule.
• nasosinusitis inflames the nasal and sinus cavities.
• hepatitis is liver disease or inflammation.
• ileitis inflames the ileum.
• jejunostomy surgically opens the body to the jejunum.
• labioplasty surgically repairs the lips.
• linguodental pertains to the tongue and teeth.
• orofacial pertains to the mouth and face.
• pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas.
• peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum.
• pharyngotonsillitis inflames tonsils and pharynx.
• proctologist specializes in the anus and rectum.
• pylorospasm involutarily contracts the pylorus.
• rectoabdominal is the relationship between the rectom and the abdomen.
• sialism is excessive saliva secretion.
• sialadenitis is inflammation of salivary glands.
• sigmoidoscopy views the sigmoid colon.
• steatorrhea causes excess fat in feces.
• stomatitis inflames the mouth lining.
• pericolic relates to around the colon
• dentalgia refers to tooth pain
• dysmenorrhea signifies painful menses
• hepatomegaly defines an enlarged liver
• hypotension indicates abnormally low blood pressure
• epigastric is an area above the stomach

Prefixes

• bi-, di-: twice, double
• brachy-: short
• hemi-: half
• iso-: equal, same
• mega-: large
• micro-: small, microscopic
• mono-: single
• multi-: many
• pan-, panto-: all, entire
• pluri-: several, more
• poly-: many
• quadra-, quadri-: four
• tri-: three
• uni-: one, single
• ab-, abs-: away from
• ad-: toward, to
• ana-: against, up, backward
• apo-: derived, separated from
• cata-: down
• circum-: around
• di-, dif-, dir-, dis-: not, separated
• dia-: through
• ecto-: outside, outward
• endo-: within
• epi-: over, above, upon
• ex-: out of away from
• exo-: external, on the outside, outward
• extra-: without, on the outside
• infra-: positioned beneath, below under
• inter-: between
• intra-: within, in
• meso-: middle, median
• para-: near, adjacent, beside
• per-: through, intensely
• peri-: around, about, near
• retro-: behind, backward
• sub-: less than, under, inferior, below, beneath
• supra-: above, over, excessive
• trans-: across through
• ante-: before
• post-: after after
• pre-: before
• primi-: first
• pro-: before, forward
• a-: without
• ambi-: both around
• an-: without, no, lack
• anti-: aganist, opposing
• brady-: slow
• co-,, col-, com-, contr-: together
• contra-: against
• de-: away from, cessation
• dys-: abnormal, difficult, painful
• eu-: well, good, normal
• hyper-: above normal, overly

Suffixes

• hypo-: below normal
• mal-: bad, inadequate
• re-: again, backward
• semi-: half
• syl-, sym-, syn-, sys-: together: union, joined
• tachy-: fast
• ultra-: beyond, excessive
• un-: not
• auto-: self
• meta-: behind after beyond
• para-: beside, abnormal involving two parts
• algia = pain
• asthenia = weakness
• desis = binding; fusion
• dynia = pain
• esthesia = sensation
• kinesia, -kinesis = movement
• phobia = fear
• phonia = sound
• phoria = feeling; carrying
• rrhea = to flow; discharge
• penia = deficiency; small; fewer
• edema = abnormal condition; disease process
• ema = condition
• emesis = vomiting
• itis, -ites = inflammation
• trophy = nutrition
• blast = immature; forming
• cidal, -cide = destroying; killing
• crine = secreting
• malacia = softening
• para = bearing; given birth
• schisi = splitting
• somnia = sleep
• spasm = contraction
• stalsis = contraction
• stasis = stopping; constant static
• stenosis = narrowing
• cyte = cell
• derma = skin
• emia = blood disorder/condition
• emic = relating to blood
• uria = urine
• centesis = surgical puncture to remove fluid
• ectomy = removal of part; all of an organ; body part
• lysis = destruction of
• stomy = opening
• pexy = fixation; usually done surgically
• plasty = surgical repair
• gen = producer
• genesis = origin; creation of
• graph = recording instrument
• gram = a recording
• scope = instrument for visual examination
• scopy = use of an instrument of viewing
• ad = toward
• clast, -clasis = break; fracture
• form = in the shape of.
• ic = pertaining to
• logy = study of
• logist = specialist of

Blood Structure and Function

• Solid constitutes 45% of blood, comprising red blood cells(erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
• Hematocrit measures packed red blood cell percentage,
• Stem cells form blood cells , maturing in bone marrow and differentiating for specific tasks, differential terms refer to white blood cell percentage.
• Granulocytes are the type of white blood cells that is release during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma
• Basophils release heparin and histamine.
• Eosinophils help control inflammation, kills parasites.
• Neutrophills remove unwanted particles.
• Agranulocytes white blood cells coordinate defenses against infection.
• Lymphocytes are important to the immune system.
• Monocytes destroy unwanted particles.
• Erythropoietin produced in kidneys, stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow.
• Erythrocytes lose their nucleus and become biconcave.
• Hemoglobin , a protein in red blood cells, binds to oxygen, making blood bright red or deep burgundy.
• Hemoglobin is composed of heme and globin, erythrocytes last about 120 days.
• Marcrophages consume damaged/aged cells.
• 4.6-6.4 million in adults and 4.2-5.4 million in adult females are the average red blood cells
• Leukocytes fight disease , transported to infection sites.
• Granulocytes have grainy cytoplasm with lobed nuclei, including neutrophils.
• Neutrophils clear unwanted bloodstream particles.
• Eosinophils kill bloodstream parasites (1-3%).
• Basophils release heparin and histamine (<1%).
• Agranulocytes lack dark-staining grains.
• Monocytes destroy large debris (3-9%).
• Lymphocytes are essential for the immunes system (25-33%).
• Platelets, break off megakaryocytes in marrow, clot blood and live 10 days.
• Blood requires type testing for transfusion.
• Antigens and antibodies cause an immune response.
• The predominant human blood type is O, following by A, B, and AB.
• Agglutination, clumping during incompatible blood transfusions, stops flow and is fatal.
• Type O blood has no antigens, is for universal donors.
• AB blood is made for universal recipients (can receive all types and prevent clotting).
• Positive/negative identifies the Rhesus (Rh) factor antigen.
• Rh-positive blood contains this and agglutinogens which can cause agglutination, is fatal to those that receives blood with factor.
• Pericardium (the protective covering) covers the pericardial cavity (filled with lubricating serous fluid).
• The pericardium contains the viscera (or epicardium) and parietal pericardium.
• Myocardium is a thick tissue layer.
• Endocardium forms the lining of chambers and valves.
• Sides pump body's specific areas of blood (right deoxygenated and left oxygenated).
• Chambers has chambers(right atrium/ventricle is on the right and left atrium/ventricle is on the left) that separate via septums (stria atria in heart chambers; ventricles are in the lower heart camber).
• The interatrial and interventricular septums divide atria and ventricles.
• Vessels carries blood in on way, is regulateedd by the valves.
• Arteries cary oxygenated except for the pulmonary veins, away from the heart, and vice versa.
• Endothelium secretes enzymes, lining arteries and blood surges inside within.
• Valves controls blood flow, atrioventricular valves control between the atria ventricle.
• The tricuspid contain 3 flaps and allow right atrium to the ventricle.
• The bicuspid control and resemble mitral valve controls strium to ventricle.
• Semilunar valves, (pulmonary and aortic) prevent backflow.
• Arteries/veins carry oxygenated blood, included coronary circulation and flow of lungs/heart.
• Coronary Circulation flows blood within vessels.
• Coronary arteries branch off the aorta (largest artery) and supply heart muscle; valves control blood and needs 100 gallons a day.
• Pulmonary circulation is the blood flow within the heart and lungs.
• Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygentated blood and gives to the atria/ventricles.
• System circulation includes the circulation of the arteries/veins within the human body.
• Body moves a surge caused by the muscular contraction of the heart and travels cells.
• Arterioles lead to capillaries divide from there that act as a "delivery system".
• Capillaries distribute nutrients, and removes waste through osmosis through waste walls and branches of the veins.
• Veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart. is helped muscles and gravity, small valves prevent back flow.
• Veins collects blood from the upper/lower body to the heart through the vena cava (large veins) right atrium.
• Blood pressure is the force of blood against arteries: systole is contraction and diastole is the second measure of contraction.
• A normal adult blood pressure is 120/80; 120 represents systole, and 80 is diastolic.
• Pulse pressure represents the difference between the diastolic and systolic readings: in blood pressure of 120/80 the pulse is 40
• Conduction has special tissue called endoctrine tissue that cause contraction. located on sinoatrial which creates impulse and electrical currents.
• Intratrial conducts electricals currents to a group of muscle fibers that divide into bracnhes and cause ventricle contracting.
• Heart rate is impacted by physical/heal issues like: heart cycle, regular beating and sinus rhythm.
• The circulatory in a fetus occurs through vessels with arteries until breathing and arteries/veins give back amniotic fluid to de-ozygentated blood.
• Ductus venous delivers vein to internal vena for delivery and deoxygenated blood through arterial duct for pumping.
• The lymphatic/immune systems have defense and lymphatic nodes but produces immunes system from disease and get togethier to destroy or remove.
• The lymphatic system rducex edema, proteins and cancer and moves gts for immune resistance.
• The body defends against antigens with immune bodies of cells(erythrocytes WBC and thrombroves)and parts to maintain homeostasis.
• All leukocyte provide cellular and humoral from phagocystes that remove foriegn paricless for resistance in blood.
• B cells produces antibodies fo rhumoral resistance to the immunes system..

Human Body Defenses

• The human body has mechanical and chemical defenses.
• Often pathogens stop because of the skin and membrane and intrusion barrier.s
• Antigens trigger immune response in the bloodstream.
• Functions include digestion,absorption and climates of the digest system of food.
• Absorption digested nutrients enters into blood stream.
• The alimetray anacl gives access to other parts of the the body like: throat, stomach, intestines and is a tube.
• The alimentary canal basal walls aid in digestions that convert for absroptuib including enymes and other parts of the body like znyzmes.
• The lips move feed and is helped muscles on tonuge with helps tonuge move during chewing and swallinog.
• The small aisied areas are conneted to provide sencatiions of tasten.
• At the vack the linguage for tissue related i,.
• Thennrufadef of the mouth is formed.
• Irregular ridges of mucous membranes, palate and is downward shape and has tonsinls with gums of teeth.
• Digestion begins in the mouth and sets glands in the oral sac as digestive aid and carbs.
• Food travles through the mouth with throact as as a flap of tissue of epilotic and is used.
• Food is aadvanceds the sphincte opens and colses as the tomch and every food comse through and goes to the stomach.
• When food starts to digest the mediacl terms is gastrointestinal/o . is functions includw: initiating digestion and washing with enzymes and 1liter of fluid.
• The enzyme pepsin helps digerstart to get a continuous stimulation and absorbed.
• Cardiarc region helps eavte heart to spricntesr is for prevnaiting the eesl.
• Fudnds is roounded asd portion _ The bodty s. iddmle potion _ Theyoulysr helps has powefule muscle dht controlls what s=i=is inside and is small. Stomchjuces re aexcternmy acididc and haves protecive cell lining fromtuchuies and is called ruae and dissapears; = After eaing the movemnts and digerstaion formts.

Digestive Processes

• The small intestine helps with tuberlike organ and colon/intestinee and albsot[io as the maotriyr of all three.
• Ieumus, dudomend/0 jelun/os
• Is greater for diamete and absoeb from sluts water.
• It has 24 sections wthat go with the medcial terms and is incesl colon.
• ChyMe is mixed eith bile and surgars as and exreeted.
• The small incesti e is linekd wvith y=jinvgwr;e dgitrion
• Hwe jununm helps 8 feet and contieunsdigegstiuon;
• Lelu, helps conenct smell to lagre innteine and spinter and and absorbs to a sepcwcial wave with segemtning and prebvnitng waste.
• At 20 feet long 3 section and hlds is place
• The secruvm attaches tpo the elum with 2 opeinegs from a wormlky pocudh calles worm
• Has accesprity of 3300 and appexdi x which are removable witj waster or materual water water is and water back water is and is moved in coln _Colb asw3 sectyion ascends tranves dscnef=ding under the iver and thjen flexesr and continues to lft anflexeeds toward the e