NUR 425 - Week 12 Cancer Lecture

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What is another term for neoplasm?

Tumour (correct)
Cancer
Cyst
Lesion

Which of the following is a characteristic of a benign tumor?

Can metastasize
Grows fast
Not cancerous (correct)
Invades nearby tissues

What are the main sites of metastasis for breast cancer?

Liver, lungs, peritoneum
Bones, skin/muscle, liver
Lungs, liver, bones (correct)
Peritoneum, liver, lungs

Which cancer type commonly metastasizes to the adrenal gland?

Lung (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another?

Metastasis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer originates in supportive and connective tissues?

Sarcoma (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site for a secondary cancer?

The same type of cells as the primary site (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which subtype of carcinoma develops in an organ or gland?

Adenocarcinoma (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common first sign of retinoblastoma?

Cat's eye reflex (leukocoria) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tumor suppressor genes?

Inhibit cell division and survival (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for programmed cell death?

Apoptosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer type is associated with the overproduction of immature white blood cells?

Leukemia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the TNM staging system used for?

Staging cancer based on tumor size, node involvement, and metastasis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does T3 N2 M0 indicate in cancer staging?

Tumor is large, lymph nodes are involved, no metastasis. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cancer is characterized by localized spread? (SATA)

Stage I (A), Stage II (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of angiogenesis in cancer?

Blood vessel formation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer type develops in the glands or nodes of the lymphatic system?

Lymphoma (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a poorly differentiated tumor?

Cells look abnormal and grow quickly (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer type is associated with the TP53 tumor suppressor gene mutation?

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary sites of metastasis for prostate cancer?

Bones, lungs, liver (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a tumor that has not yet become malignant but is about to?

Pre-malignant (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main sites of metastasis for melanoma?

lungs, skin/muscle, liver (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a carcinoma?

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proto-oncogenes?

Control how often a cell divides (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main sites of metastasis for colon cancer?

Liver, peritoneum, lungs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a well-differentiated tumour?

Cells look normal and grow slowly (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main sites of metastasis for kidney cancer? (Select all that apply)

Liver (A), Bones (B), Lungs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the APC gene?

Inhibit cell division and survival (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main sites of metastasis for ovarian cancer?

Peritoneum, liver, lungs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a mixed mesodermal tumor?

Contains components from different categories (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main sites of metastasis for pancreatic cancer?

Liver, lungs, peritoneum (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a carcinoma in situ?

Abnormal cells are present but have not spread to neighbouring tissue (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main site of metastasis for rectal cancer?

Liver, lungs, adrenal gland (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the "T" in TNM staging stand for?

Primary Tumour (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does N1 indicate in the TNM staging system?

Regional lymph node involvement (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does M0 indicate in the TNM staging system?

No evidence of distant metastasis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which grade indicates a well-differentiated tumor?

G1 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Tis' indicate in the TNM staging system?

Carcinoma in situ (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cancer is characterized by metastatic spread?

Stage IV (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does "GX" indicate in tumour grading?

Grade cannot be assessed (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which grade indicates a poorly differentiated tumor?

G3 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'T4' indicate in the TNM staging system?

Large tumor size and/or extensive local invasion (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cancers had the highest incidence rate increase in women between 1984-2019?

Cervical and Melanoma (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cancers had the highest incidence rate increase in men between 1984-2019?

Melanoma (A), Esophagus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer had the greatest decrease in incidence rates from 1984 to 2019 in both men and women?

Colorectal Cancer (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of developing cancer in Canada for men and women?

45% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are some avoidable cancer risk factors? (Select all that apply)

Smoking (A), Excessive alcohol consumption (B), Obesity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an oncogene? (Select all that apply)

A mutated proto-oncogene (A), A gene that is permanently turned on or activated (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is germinal retinoblastoma?

A hereditary form of eye cancer that predominantly affects children. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Neoplasm

An abnormal growth of cells in the body.

Benign Tumor

A non-cancerous tumor that does not spread.