Applied Pathophysiology: Inflammation Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the inflammatory response?

  • To stop all blood flow to the injured site.
  • To trigger autoimmune conditions.
  • To increase blood flow and cells to the site of injury for healing. (correct)
  • To initiate a chronic condition.

    • The immune response is a non-specific response that is identical regardless of the cause.

    False

    What suffix is typically added to the affected organ or system to denote an inflammatory condition?

    -itis

    Skin and mucous membranes are the body's ________ line of defense.

    <p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following defense mechanisms with their descriptions:

    <p>First line of defense = Physical barrier like skin and mucous membranes Second line of defense = Non-specific inflammatory response Third line of defense = Specific immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of increased blood flow to an injured area?

    <p>To dilute harmful substances and support the healing process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pre-capillary sphincters control the flow of blood through capillaries.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fluid that has a high protein content, and is typically present at an inflammatory site, is called an ____.

    <p>exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of exudate is characterized by severe tissue injury that causes damage to blood vessels with significant leakage of red blood cells?

    <p>Hemorrhagic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phagocytosis in the vascular response during inflammation?

    <p>To remove injured tissue and cellular debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cell derived inflammatory mediator?

    <p>Complement System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of exudate with their descriptions:

    <p>Serous = Watery fluid, low in protein content Hemorrhagic = Significant leakage of red blood cells Fibrinous = Contains a large amount of fibrinogen Purulent = Contains pus, degraded white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vasoconstriction is the first response at the site of an injury.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three major interrelated systems involved in inflammation?

    <p>Respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vasodilation is an initial step in the inflammatory response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called where cells move to the site of injury during the cellular response?

    <p>chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which cells migrate across/between endothelial cells is called _______.

    <p>diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a systemic manifestation of inflammation?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphadenitis is characterized by non-painful palpable nodes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A non-specific test of inflammation is the measurement of _______, also known as CRP.

    <p>C-reactive protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the preferred test for acute inflammation?

    <p>C-reactive protein (CRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An elevated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) can identify the source and location of inflammation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RICE stand for in the context of treating acute inflammation?

    <p>Rest, ice, compression, and elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Applying ice to an injury causes _________ which helps to reduce the formation of exudate.

    <p>vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatments with their respective action

    <p>Ice = Vasoconstriction to prevent heat loss and reduce exudate formation Elevation = Slows blood flow and reduces gravity's impact Compression = Prevents exudate formation by increasing tissue pressure, promotes lymphatic drainage Heat = Increase blood flow, reduce pain, help phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal when treating inflammation?

    <p>Minimize damage to healthy surrounding tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acute inflammatory response is usually self-limited

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides RICE, what are other important components of non-pharmacologic treatment of inflammation?

    <p>Optimal fluid and nutrient intake to help healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Applied Pathophysiology: Inflammation and Tissue Repair

    • All disease processes cause injury, and healing requires an effective inflammatory response.
    • Two main types of inflammation exist:
      • Acute inflammation: the body's expected response to injury.
      • Chronic inflammation: an altered inflammatory response due to persistent injury.

    Lines of Defense

    • First line: Physical barrier provided by skin and mucous membranes (chemically coated with mucus).
    • Second line: Non-specific inflammatory response, identical regardless of the cause.
    • Third line: Specific immune response, dependent on the invader.

    Inflammation

    • "Inflammare" means "set on fire." It describes the reaction of vascularized tissues to injury.
    • Inflammatory conditions are named by adding "-itis" to the affected body part (e.g., appendicitis, pericarditis, neuritis).

    Acute Inflammation

    • Triggered by tissue injury (any form of damage).
    • Three goals:
      • Increase blood flow to the injury site (vascular response).
      • Increase healing cells at the site (cellular response).
      • Remove injured tissue, preparing for tissue repair.

    Vascular Response

    • Facilitated by chemical mediators (inflammatory mediators).
    • The process involves initial vasoconstriction, followed by vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
    • The goal is to increase blood flow to the injured area, which contains phagocytic cells (like macrophages) and other components for healing. The increased flow also helps dilute harmful substances.

    Capillaries

    • Capillaries exchange oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.
    • Blood flow through capillaries is regulated by pre-capillary sphincters.

    Fluid Movement in Capillaries

    •  Net filtration pressure (NFP) determines fluid movement.
    • Hydrostatic pressure (HP) "pushes" fluid out of capillaries.
    • Osmotic pressure (OP) "pulls" fluid into capillaries.
    • Normal capillaries have balanced forces between them

    Exudates

    • Vary based on fluid type, plasma protein content, and cell presence.
    • Types include:
      • Serous: watery fluid, low protein.
      • Hemorrhagic: severe tissue injury, RBC leakage.
      • Fibrinous: large fibrinogen amounts.
      • Membraneous/Pseudomembraneous: forms on mucous membranes.
      • Purulent/Suppurative: contains pus, degraded white blood cells, proteins, and tissue debris

    Inflammatory Mediators

    • Cell-derived: proteins generated within cells, including white blood cells, platelets, and endothelial cells.
    • Plasma-derived: plasma proteins, including the complement system, kinin system, and clotting system, continuously circulate.

    Inflammatory Mediators within Plasma

    • Three major interrelated systems regulate inflammatory mediators: Complement, Clotting, and Kinin.

    Initial Steps in Inflammatory Response

    • Tissue injury triggers the following:
      • Blood vessel vasodilation
      • Increased vascular permeability
      • Activation of the clotting cascade
      • Continued release of vasoactive inflammatory mediators

    Cellular Response

    • After vessel dilation, cells are needed for healing.
    • Three essential steps:
      • Chemotaxis: migrating cells to the injury site.
      • Cellular adherence: cells bind to the site.
      • Cellular migration: cells move across between endothelial cells (diapedesis)

    Phagocytosis

    • Inflammatory cells release more inflammatory mediators to attract neutrophils.
    • Neutrophils then aggressively destroy/phagocytize causative agents.
    • Healthy tissue damage can occur.

    Summary

    • Tissue injury triggers the production and release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.
    • These mediators cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
    • Chemotaxis, adherence, migration and phagocytosis follow.
    • Manifestations include redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

    Manifestations of Inflammation

    • Local manifestations: redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function.
    • Systemic manifestations: fever, weight loss, fatigue, headache, lethargy.
    • Lymphadenitis: lymph node inflammation.

    Laboratory Diagnosis

    • Non-specific tests like CRP (C-reactive protein) and ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) identify inflammation.
    • These tests do not pinpoint the source.

    Resolution of Acute Inflammation

    • The inflammatory response is typically self-limiting.
    • The offending agent is removed and feedback systems are regulated by plasma protein systems.
    • Inflammatory mediators are deactivated.
    • Chronic inflammation follows if the acute response isn't resolved.

    Treatment of Inflammation

    • Goals minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
    • Initial treatments include:
      • Reducing blood flow
      • Decreasing swelling
      • Blocking chemical mediators
      • Decreasing pain

    Non-pharmacologic Treatment (RICE)

    • Rest
    • Ice
    • Compression
    • Elevation

    Pharmacologic Treatment

    • Medications block inflammatory mediators, reducing swelling and pain. Examples include NSAIDs and corticosteroids.

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    Related Documents

    Applied Pathophysiology: A Conceptual Approach to the Mechanisms of Disease PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts of inflammation and tissue repair, focusing on both acute and chronic inflammation processes. It discusses the lines of defense the body employs against injuries and the inflammatory response's goals. Understanding these topics is crucial for any student or professional in the health sciences field.

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