Medical Terminology Flashcards

• These flashcards provide definitions and key facts for various medical terms and conditions, useful for study and review.

Neurological Conditions

• Neuropathy: Disease affecting the peripheral nerves.
• Radiculopathy: Disease affecting the spinal nerve root.
• Myelopathy: Disease affecting the spinal cord.
• Functional B12 deficiency: Vitamin deficiency that can cause peripheral neuropathy.

Dermatophyte Infections

• Trichophyton rubrum: The most common pathogenic dermatophyte.
• Terbinafine (Lamisil): Common treatment for onychomycosis and dermatophyte skin infections.
• Onychomycosis has four types: Proximal Subungual, Distal Subungual, Superficial white, and Candidal.
• Proximal subungual onychomycosis: Difficult to treat, can involve the matrix and lunula, may lead to dystrophic nails, and is common in immunocompromised patients.
• Superficial white onychomycosis: Direct invasion of the nail plate with randomly dispersed lesions that merge to involve the entire nail plate.
• Candidal Onychomycosis: The least common form, associated with edema and erythema of the proximal and lateral nail folds.

Nail Abnormalities

• Onychomadesis: Proximal separation of the nail plate, linked to coxsackie virus infection.
• Onychocryptosis: Curvature of the medial or lateral nail plate, also known as pincer nails.
• Lovibond angle: Used in diagnosing nail clubbing.
• Koilonychia: Spoon-shaped nails, often caused by anemia.
• Onychopuntata (Pitting): Nail appearance associated with psoriasis.
• Acute paronychia: Most commonly caused by Staph aureus
• Onychomycosis: Fungal infection of the nail.

Treatments and Procedures

• Straight Back procedure: A non-permanent treatment for ingrown toenails that leaves the matrix intact.
• P & A procedure along with Winograd, Frost and Zadik "cold-steel" nail procedures are contraindicated in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Tinea Pedis

• T. metagrophytes: Most common cause of vesicular tinea pedis.
• Erosio Interdigitalis Blastomycetica: Severe infection in toe webspaces, appearing as eroded, erythematous areas surrounded by macerated skin.

Malignant Melanoma

• The four subtypes of malignant melanoma include: Superficial spreading, Nodular, Acral Lentiginous, and Lentigo Maligna.
• Superficial spreading melanoma: The most common type, with a slow horizontal growth phase.
• Nodular melanoma: Has a short horizontal growth phase and quickly enters the vertical growth phase.
• Acral lentiginous melanoma: Frequently found on palms, soles, or beneath nail plates.
• Lentigo maligna melanoma: Develops from a benign lesion and is more common in older individuals.

Other Skin Conditions

• Bowen's disease: SCC in-situ, appearing as an erythematous, well-demarcated, scaly patch or plaque.
• Marjolin's ulcer: A rare SCC arising from wounds or scars, associated with non-healing chronic venous ulcers.

Cysts and Vascular Conditions

• Ganglion cyst: A mass that transilluminates and fluctuates in size.
• Raynaud's phenomenon: Color changes occur in the order of White → Blue → Red.
• Mondor's sign: Plantar ecchymosis specific for Lisfranc or calcaneal fracture.

Fractures

• Zone 2: The zone associated with a Jones fracture of the fifth metatarsal.
• Dancer's fracture: A shaft fracture of the fifth metatarsal.

Ligaments and Tendon Dysfunction

• Lisfranc ligament: Supports the transverse arch, originating from the lateral aspect of the medial cuneiform and inserting into the medial aspect of the 2nd metatarsal base.
• PT tendon dysfunction: The most common cause of adult-acquired flat foot.

Ulcers

• Arterial ulcer: Sharply demarcated, punched-out, painful lesion usually near the lateral malleolus or dorsal aspect of the foot; treatment involves dependency.
• Venous ulcer: Superficial/shallow painless ulcer with exudate and usually has irregular margins, often found over the medial malleolus.

Achilles Rupture

• Simmon's triad: Using Matles test, Thompson test, and Dell sign to diagnose an Achilles rupture.

Medical Emergencies

• The five medical emergencies in podiatry: Open fracture, Gangrene, Compartment syndrome, Necrotizing fasciitis and Neurovascular compromise.

Foot Compartments and Watershed Zones

• The foot has nine compartments: Medial, superficial, lateral, adductor, calcaneal, and four interossei.
• The four watershed zones: Achilles, Zone 2 fifth metatarsal, navicular, and PT tendon.

Achilles and Kager's Triangle

• Thompson's Test: Squeezing the calf and observing foot response; no movement indicates an Achilles rupture (positive).
• Kager's triangle borders: Anterior = Achilles, Posterior = FHL, Inferior = Calcaneus; damage is indicated if not radiolucent.

Charcot and Infections

• Total contact cast: The best treatment for Charcot.
• Necrotizing fasciitis: Painful infection of fascia that travels proximally fast.
• Gas gangrene: Non-painful, odorous infection of tissue and muscle that spreads deeper.

Diagnosing DVT

• Venous ultrasound: The gold standard technique to diagnose DVT.
• D-dimer: Must be elevated for a patient to be diagnosed with a DVT.

Osteoarthritis

• Osteoarthritis: The most common disorder of the musculoskeletal system, involving non-inflammatory destruction of articular cartilage.
• PIPJ = Bouchards nodes, DIPJ = Heberden nodes which are nodules in osteoarthritis
• Uneven joint space narrowing is associated with Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis X-Ray

• In osteoarthritis, X-ray findings include osteophytes and subchondral cysts.
• Hallux Rigidus: End-stage osteoarthritis of the first MTPJ

Bone Conditions

• Blount's disease: Progressive tibia vara, with potential recurrence and osteoarthritis.

Knee Conditions

• Chondromalacia patellae (runner's knee): Anterior knee pain in young athletes (especially women) due to patellar cartilage changes.
• Osgood-Schlatter disease: Traction apophysitis at the tibial tuberosity, more common in males during development (9-14 y.o); self-limiting.
• Sever's Disease: traction apophysitis of achilles inserting into posterior calcaneus from overuse injuries (athletes)

Femoral Conditions

• Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE): Proximal epiphysis of femur slips posterior & inferior on metaphysis in hip joint.
• Klein's line: Used as a reference to help diagnose a slipped capital femoral epiphysis on X-ray.

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

• Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease: Idiopathic avascular necrosis of femoral head affecting hip joint
• Crescent sign: Seen on radiography to help diagnose Legg-Calve-Perthes disease.

Growing Pains

• Growing pains: Idiopathic pain in afternoon/nighttime due to overuse in an active child, non-pathogenic.

Polymyositis

• Polymyositis: Inflammatory myopathy typically affecting adults (females > males) resulting in painful bilateral proximal weakness.
• Dermatomyositis differs from polymyositis in that it affects both children and adults and has skin manifestations.
• Heliotrope rash: A facial rash associated with dermatomyositis.
• Calcinosis, telangiectasias, and Gottron's papules are all manifestations of Dermatomyositis.

Myopathy Diagnosis

• Muscle biopsy is the gold standard diagnostic technique for inflammatory myopathy.
• Polymyositis = CD8+ lymphocytes infiltrate endomysium, Dermatomyositis = CD4+ lymphocytes infiltrate perimysium

Corticosteroids

• Corticosteroids: Treatment for myopathies and vasculitis.
• Cancer is often associated with dermatomyositis

Inclusion Body Myositis

• Older males w/ asymmetric proximal and distal muscle weakness that does not respond well to corticosteroids most likely have Inclusion body myositis.
• Inclusion bodies and rimmed vacuoles: Features seen on a muscle biopsy from a patient with inclusion body myositis.

Statin Therapy Myopathy

• Necrotizing myopathy: Typically a result of statin therapy.

Muscular Dystrophy

• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD): X-linked non-inflammatory myopathy from deficient dystrophin, typically 5-6 y.o males w/ waddling gait & pseudohypertrophy. Dystrophin is abnormal, not deficient with Becker's muscular dystrophy, which is why it is less severe than duchenne's.

AD & X-Linked Emery-Dreifuss

• AD = Laminin, X-linked = Emerin, defective in AD & X-linked Emery-Dreifuss disease

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

• Guillain-Barre syndrome: Acute demyelinating polyneuropathy from immune response attacking myelin, follows viral or bacterial infection, presenting as symmetrical distal limb weakness.

Myasthenia Gravis

• Myasthenia gravis: Auto Ab attack AChR at NMJ, weakness that improves with rest, worsens with activity, and includes ptosis, thymoma, and dysphagia.
• Edrophonium test is used to diagnose myasthenia gravis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Rheumatoid arthritis: Chronic inflammatory systemic disease affecting bilateral joints in the morning.
• Boutonniere, swan neck deformity, and ulnar deviation are associated with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
• Elevated rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP: Serology test results for a patient with rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis X-Ray

• An X-ray of rheumatoid arthritis patient would show uniform joint space narrowing & erosions

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Chronic autoimmune disease that has a multisystem affect and causes fever, joint pain, and rash.
• Jaccoud's arthropathy and Libman sacks endocarditis are associated with lupus
• Elevated ANA, anti-dsDNA, and anti-smith Ab: Expected serology results for a patient with SLE.

Scleroderma

• Scleroderma: Thickening of skin typically triggered by Raynaud's phenomenon.
• Anti-Scl-70 & Anti-centromere is the serology of a patient with scleroderma.

Vasculitis

• Giant cell arteritis: Large vessel vasculitis affecting temporal artery often causing headache.
• Kawasaki disease: Medium-vessel vasculitis affecting children 5-6 y.o, associated with rashes and increased risk of CV disease.
• Behcet's disease: vasculitis associated with oral/genital ulcers w/ a negative STD & positive pathergy.

p-ANCA and c-ANCA vasculitis associations

• Wegener's = c-ANCA
• Microscopic polyangitis = p-ANCA
• Churg-Strauss = p-ANCA
• Medication induced = Both

Sjogren Syndrome

• Sjögren syndrome: Systemic autoimmune disease targeting salivary & lacrimal glands.
• Serology of a patient with sjögren syndrome: Anti-Ro (SSA), Anti-La (SSB)

Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies

• Seronegative spondyloarthropathies are indicated by Positive HLA-B27, asymmetric peripheral involvement, dactylitis, and enthesitis.

Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)

• Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS): Affects males < 40 y.o at the axial skeleton especially the sacroiliac joint.
• Acute, unilateral uveitis: Systemic manifestation associated with ankylosing spondylitis.

Ankylosing Spondylitis Imaging

• X-ray = Bamboo spine, MRI = Romanus lesion of a patient with ankylosing spondylitis.

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)

• More ossification (esp. ALL) and sparring of sacroiliac joint: How diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is differentiated from ankylosing spondylitis

Psoriatic Arthritis

• Ivory phalanx, acro-osteolysis, and "pencil-in-cup" deformity are associated with Psoriatic arthritis. Types with gross manifestations: DIP predominent = Dactylitis, Arthritis mutilans = Telescoping digits.