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Questions and Answers
Which of the following planes divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
Which of the following planes divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
What is the main difference between a permeable and a selectively permeable membrane?
What is the main difference between a permeable and a selectively permeable membrane?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle?
During what phase of the cardiac cycle are the mitral and tricuspid valves closed?
During what phase of the cardiac cycle are the mitral and tricuspid valves closed?
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What part of the heart does the electrical impulse travel through after leaving the AV node?
What part of the heart does the electrical impulse travel through after leaving the AV node?
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The QRS complex on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents:
The QRS complex on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents:
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Which of the following accurately describes the function of the T wave on an ECG?
Which of the following accurately describes the function of the T wave on an ECG?
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What is the correct order of events in the conduction system of the heart?
What is the correct order of events in the conduction system of the heart?
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What is the primary function of aldosterone?
What is the primary function of aldosterone?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the upper airway?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the upper airway?
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What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?
What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?
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What is the main difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
What is the main difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
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What is the primary function of the nephrons in the kidneys?
What is the primary function of the nephrons in the kidneys?
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Which of the following is a symptom of early stage chronic kidney disease?
Which of the following is a symptom of early stage chronic kidney disease?
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Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex when blood pressure is low?
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex when blood pressure is low?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of innate immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a component of innate immunity?
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What is the primary function of the hepatic portal vein?
What is the primary function of the hepatic portal vein?
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What is the role of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?
What is the role of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?
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Which hormone is responsible for stimulating ovulation?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating ovulation?
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What is the primary function of ATP in cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of ATP in cellular respiration?
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What is the correct order of blood flow from the heart to the body and back?
What is the correct order of blood flow from the heart to the body and back?
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What is the PR interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG) a representation of?
What is the PR interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG) a representation of?
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How does gas exchange occur in the alveoli?
How does gas exchange occur in the alveoli?
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What is the primary function of the collecting ducts in the kidneys?
What is the primary function of the collecting ducts in the kidneys?
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What is the primary process by which cells utilize oxygen?
What is the primary process by which cells utilize oxygen?
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Study Notes
Body Measurement Units
- Volume is measured in cubic centimeters (CC), milliliters (ML), and liters (L).
Medical Terminology
- Etiology: The cause of a disease.
- Pathology: The study of disease.
- Prognosis: The prediction of the outcome of a disease.
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Planes of the Body:
- Midsagittal (median): Vertical plane through the midline.
- Sagittal: Parallel to the midline, but not necessarily on it.
- Transverse (horizontal): Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
- Frontal (coronal): Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Atomic Structure
- Protons: Positively charged particles.
- Neutrons: Neutral particles.
- Electrons: Negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus.
- Ions: Formed when the number of electrons changes.
Cell Membrane
- Plasma membrane: Surrounds the cell's cytoplasm, composed of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
- Phospholipids: Form a double layer in the membrane.
- Selective permeability: The membrane controls what enters and exits the cell.
- Permeable membrane: Allows materials to pass freely.
- Non-permeable membrane: Does not allow any materials to pass.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration: Oxygen combines with glucose to create ATP (energy), releasing carbon dioxide as a byproduct.
- ATP: The main energy currency of the cell.
Body Cavities and Membranes
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Serous membranes: Line body cavities and cover organs.
- Parietal membrane: Lines the cavity.
- Visceral membrane: Covers the organs.
Muscle Types
- Cardiac muscle: Involuntary, striated, found only in the heart, with intercalated discs.
- Smooth muscle: Involuntary, smooth, found in hollow organs, responsible for peristalsis.
- Skeletal muscle: Voluntary, striated, connected to bones, enabling movement.
Bone Structure
- Epiphysis: The end of a long bone.
- Diaphysis: The middle portion of a long bone.
- Epiphyseal plate: Growth plate.
Heart Valves
- Tricuspid valve: Right atrium to right ventricle.
- Bicuspid (mitral) valve: Left atrium to left ventricle.
- Pulmonary semilunar valve: Right ventricle to pulmonary artery.
- Aortic semilunar valve: Left ventricle to aorta.
Cardiac Cycle
-
Systole: Period of ventricular contraction.
- Closed valves during ventricular systole: Mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid.
- Diastole: Period of ventricular relaxation.
Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure
- Increased cardiac output leads to increased blood pressure.
Electrical Conduction in the Heart
- AV node: A critical part of the electrical conduction pathway.
- Bundle of His: Carries the electrical impulse from the AV node.
- QRS complex: Represents ventricular depolarization (contraction).
- P wave: Represents atrial depolarization.
- T wave: Represents ventricular repolarization.
- PR segment: Represents atrial repolarization.
- PR interval: Represents atrial depolarization and repolarization.
Gas Exchange
- Diffusion: Movement of gases across the alveoli and capillaries, driven by pressure/concentration gradients.
Hormones (Endocrine System)
- Aldosterone: A steroid secreted by the adrenal glands when blood pressure is low or potassium is high. Increases blood volume and decreases urine output.
- LH (Luteinizing hormone): Stimulates ovulation.
- HCG (Human chronic gonadotropin) & Estrogen: Increase during pregnancy.
Oxygen and Cellular Processes
- Cells require oxygen for cellular respiration (combining oxygen and glucose to produce ATP and carbon dioxide).
Respiratory System
- Epiglottis: Controls the entrance to the trachea.
- Upper airway: Warms, filters, and humidifies inhaled air. Also involved in olfaction and sound production.
- Lower airway: Includes bronchi and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
Immunity
- Fever and inflammation: Part of innate immunity.
Liver Blood Supply
- The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.
Kidney Function
- Collecting ducts: Found in the renal pelvis, called ureters; transport urine and absorb water.
- Kidneys function: Maintain homeostasis (pH, blood pressure), filter waste, and regulate minerals.
- Nephrons: Key filtering units in the kidneys.
Kidney Disease Symptoms
- Chronic kidney disease symptoms can be absent or appear as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, changes in urination, and hypertension (high blood pressure).
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment (equilibrium).
- Examples: Temperature regulation (hypothalamus detects cold and triggers shivering and vasoconstriction), maintaining blood pressure.
Abdominal Organs
- RUQ: Liver, right kidney, colon, pancreas, gallbladder
- LUQ: Liver, spleen, left kidney, colon, pancreas, stomach
- RLQ: Colon, small intestine, major artery, ureter, appendix, bladder
- LLQ: Colon, small intestine, major artery, ureter, bladder
Cellular Respiration Procedure
- Oxygen and glucose combine in the mitochondria, creating ATP. Byproducts include carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
Blood Flow
- Blood flows from the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium, then through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary artery. It goes to the lungs, then returns through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium, through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, through the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta and throughout the body.
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
- Both part of the autonomic nervous system, controlling involuntary functions.
- Sympathetic: "Fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate and muscle contraction.
- Parasympathetic: "Rest and digest" response, decreasing heart rate and relaxing muscles.
Blood Pressure Regulation
- Determined by stroke volume (amount of blood pumped per contraction), cardiac output (heart rate), and vessel diameter (vasoconstriction/vasodilation).
Surfactant
- A phospholipid that lines the alveoli, preventing collapse during exhalation.
Gas Exchange in Lungs
- Gas exchange in the lungs occurs through diffusion, with oxygen moving from the alveoli to the capillaries, and carbon dioxide moving from the capillaries to the alveoli.
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Description
This quiz covers essential medical terminology related to body measurements, cell structure, and atomic components. Test your understanding of concepts such as etiology, pathology, and the types of body planes. Assess your knowledge of fundamental biology and anatomy terminology.
