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Where is the heart snugly enclosed?

In the superior mediastinum

In the posterior mediastinum

In the middle mediastinum (correct)

In the anterior mediastinum

Which of the following is NOT included in the ready-to-study notes about the cardiovascular system?

Physiology of Myocardial Ischaemia

Physiology of Hypertension

Anatomy & Physiology of Blood Vessels

Pathology of Hypertension (correct)

What does the abbreviation ECG stand for in the notes?

Electrocephaologram

Electrocardiogram (correct)

Electrochromatogram

Electrocarcinogram

Which of the following is NOT a part of the ready-to-study notes about the cardiovascular system?

Lymphangitis Signup and view all the answers

What do the notes mention about the location of the heart?

Middle mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in the pathology notes of the cardiovascular system?

Varicose Veins Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Middle Mediastinum located?

Inferior to the sternal angle Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Fibrous Pericardium?

Protects the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the Heart Wall prevents clotting of blood within the heart?

Endocardium Signup and view all the answers

What structures anchor the heart and prevent overfilling?

Fibrous Pericardium Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the Pericardium lines the external surface of the heart?

Visceral Layer Signup and view all the answers

The Middle Mediastinum rests on which anatomical structure?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Posterior Interventricular Sulcus?

Contains the Posterior Descending Artery Signup and view all the answers

Which side of the heart pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit?

Right side Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the coronary circulation in terms of blood supply?

Supply blood to the myocardium Signup and view all the answers

Which artery encircles the heart in the coronary sulcus?

Left Coronary Artery Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood flowing through the pulmonary circuit?

Gains oxygen and loses carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Where do arteries supplying blood to the myocardium lie?

Epicardium Signup and view all the answers

What is the average delay provided by the Bundle Branches for the impulse from the SinoAtrial Node?

100ms Signup and view all the answers

What is the average heart rate range of the Bundle Branches (Bundles of His)?

20-40bpm Signup and view all the answers

Where do the Purkinje Fibres begin their impulse transmission?

At the heart apex Signup and view all the answers

Which portion of the myocardium do the Bundle Branches serve?

Transmits impulses to the R & L Bundle Branches Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Bundle Branches in the conduction network?

To conduct SA Node impulses to Purkinje Fibres Signup and view all the answers

Where are the Purkinje Fibres located within the heart?

Just below the Endocardium Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for sustaining the Plateau phase in cardiac muscle cells?

Influx of Ca+ ions Signup and view all the answers

During repolarization, what happens to the Ca+ channels and the K+ channels?

Influxing Ca+ channels close, effluxing K+ channels open Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Na/K-ATPase play in relation to excess ions in cardiac muscle cells?

Removes excess Na+ from depolarization Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Absolute Refractory Period in cardiac muscle?

Lasts approximately 200ms and extends from peak to plateau to halfway-repolarized Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Relative Refractory Period in cardiac muscle cells?

Na+ channels are closed but can still respond to a stronger stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Why is it critical that the Absolute Refractory Period lasts until muscle relaxation in cardiac muscle?

To prevent summation and the occurrence of tetany Signup and view all the answers