Medical Reflective Practice Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Individual professionals’ 'dangerous, reckless or impaired' behavior can harm patients.

True (A)

To cover up errors is acceptable in medical practice.

False (B)

Reflective practice only includes formal reviews.

False (B)

A culture of patient safety aims to minimize risks and learn from harm.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adverse events never result in unintended outcomes for patients.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle was introduced in 1988.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kolb’s learning Cycle was published in 1991.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Driscoll’s Reflective Practice Model outlines the steps: What? So why? Now when?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The purpose of medical education is to help shape novices into effective practitioners.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Greenaway’s model is known as ‘The Passive Reviewing Cycle’.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Empathy is an important trait in building the patient-doctor relationship.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gibbs' Reflective Cycle includes stages that do not require any helpful questions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A healthcare provider should always prioritize showcasing their authority over being empathetic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The conclusions phase of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle focuses on summarizing learning and positive changes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Healthcare teams have no need to understand a patient's personal circumstances.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schwartz rounds are primarily focused on solving clinical problems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Participants in Schwartz rounds report feeling less stressed and more connected to their colleagues.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Building a reflective practice mindset requires a willingness to reflect.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ERA model in reflective practice consists of Evaluation, Reflection, and Action.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflective assignments include describing conflicts or disorienting dilemmas.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Setting and reflecting on goals is not an important aspect of reflective practice.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schwartz rounds help to reinforce hierarchies among staff members.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The RESPECT Rubric is used for assessing reflective writing.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Concrete Experience is the first stage of Kolb's Learning Cycle.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflective Observation involves trying out what you have learned.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

David Kolb proposed a model that includes four stages of reflection.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active Experimentation is the final stage in Kolb's Learning Cycle.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kolb's Learning Cycle suggests that all stages must be used for effective learning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abstract Conceptualisation refers to understanding and learning from experiences.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sensing and Watching are part of Kolb's Learning Cycle model.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kolb's Learning Cycle promotes a learner-centered pedagogy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gibbs' Reflective Cycle includes stages such as Evaluation and Action.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In reflective practice, one should never evaluate their own contributions to a situation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Feelings can impact the quality of care provided by a professional.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gibbs' Reflective Cycle was developed in 1998.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflection is solely about analyzing the actions of others in a situation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Evaluation stage is meant to identify what worked and what didn’t during an experience.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is mandatory to use all the prompts provided in Gibbs' Reflective Cycle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflective practice only takes place after an event has occurred.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Experience is an essential tool for updating professional theories.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kolb formalized the concept of reflective observation in 1984.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kolb's Experiential Learning Cycle emphasizes learning through ________ experience.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metacognition involves understanding one's own thought processes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Andragogy, adults learn best when they are ________ independent.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflection does not aid in problem-solving processes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Feedback is generally less important in adult learning as compared to traditional education.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Loughran identifies five areas where reflection can be beneficial.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kolb's Learning Cycle includes stages that promote learner-centered pedagogy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abstract Conceptualization involves applying learned concepts in real scenarios.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Experiential learning encourages ________ experimentation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflection can empower individuals within their social group.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflection only pertains to observing the behavior of others.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Andragogy recognizes that adult learners have a variety of motivations and ________ expectations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All learners inherently learn the same way regardless of their individual learning styles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schwartz rounds aim to foster compassion in healthcare.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflective practice includes only formal reviews.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflective practice can help identify patterns over an extended period.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Setting and reflecting on goals is an essential part of reflective practice.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schwartz rounds are focused on resolving clinical problems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Building a reflective practice mindset does not require a willingness to learn.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Being aware of one's own behavior and body language can influence a patient's behavior.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gibbs' Reflective Cycle has five stages: Description, Evaluation, Action, Plan, and Conclusion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Empathy is essential for effective interactions between healthcare providers and patients.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using personal nouns like 'I' is encouraged in Academic Reflections.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The past tense is rarely used in reflective writing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Healthcare providers should ignore their own feelings to maintain professionalism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gibbs' Reflective Cycle includes a stage for Planning.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Action Plan stage includes questions about how to act differently in future situations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Critical reflection focuses on habitual actions without deeper thought.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient’s personal circumstances are not important for healthcare teams to understand.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subject-specific language and terminology are discouraged in reflective writing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The conclusion phase of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle focuses on criticizing past actions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Description in Gibbs' Reflective Cycle should detail what happened in a situation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Helpful questions in Gibbs' Reflective Cycle can enhance the reflective practice process.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflection should only focus on personal thoughts and feelings, ignoring external circumstances.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Concluding in Gibbs' Reflective Cycle is about summarizing learning and planning for improvements.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excessive on-call shifts can negatively affect a medical intern's performance.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Clinical Director's request for additional on-call shifts was unrelated to staff shortages.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflective practice is not necessary in the medical profession.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interns are expected to perform procedures flawlessly, regardless of their shift length.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Feelings during a situation play a role in reflective practice.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Poor performance during training can be solely attributed to a lack of skill.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Critical reflection can enhance the learning experiences of healthcare providers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of learning in medical education does not include analyzing personal experiences.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gibbs' Reflective Cycle outlines six stages, including description and action plan.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The evaluation stage of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle is focused solely on positive aspects of an experience.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An action plan in Gibbs' Reflective Cycle is meant for dealing with future similar situations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gibbs' Reflective Cycle can only be used in the healthcare profession.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Feelings are a critical part of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 4F’s Model includes the stages: Facts, Feelings, Findings, and Future.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Greenaway's model is primarily geared towards healthcare professionals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stage 'Now what?' refers to the action plan in reflective practice.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Feelings are not considered important in the reflective practice process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The initial model by Dr Roger Greenaway consisted of three steps: Do, Review, and Plan.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schwartz Rounds focus specifically on enhancing technical skills in a clinical setting.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Findings' stage in the 4F’s Model deals with emotional reactions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflective practice can be enhanced through the use of prompts at each stage.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Dewey defines reflective thought as passive and uncritical engagement with knowledge.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflection helps in transforming surface learning into deep learning.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-reflective practice is a meta-cognitive ability that involves thinking about one’s mental processes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the reflective thought paradigm, clarity and coherence are outcomes that should be sought after.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Piaget's Constructivist Learning Theory suggests that reflection has no impact on student engagement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflective thought is regarded as a cognitive process that offers insights into one’s practices and experiences.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of reflective thought is to create more confusion in problem-solving situations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marton & Saljo's research indicates that deeper learning is less effective compared to superficial learning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflective Observation is the stage where one learns from their experiences.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active Experimentation is about trying out what you have learned.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kolb's Learning Cycle includes three stages.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gibb’s Reflective Cycle is often utilized in developing reflective practice.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abstract Conceptualization occurs after Active Experimentation in Kolb's Learning Cycle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Experiential learning is limited to theoretical concepts only.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kolb's Learning Cycle promotes a one-size-fits-all approach to learning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excessive 'On-call' shifts can negatively affect performance.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflective practice is only about evaluating the actions of others in a situation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The statement 'What? So what? Now what?' is an important reflective practice model.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A healthcare provider's feelings do not impact their performance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interns often face challenges due to under-recruitment of trainees.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In reflective practice, individuals should only focus on the positive aspects of an experience.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reflective practice requires no consideration of the consequences for others involved in a situation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An intern's performance in a learning environment can degrade due to fatigue.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gibbs' Reflective Cycle includes an evaluation stage.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The planning phase in Gibbs' Reflective Cycle is concerned with summarizing past learning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients suffering from dementia may exhibit confusion and aggressive behavior.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The action phase in Gibbs' Reflective Cycle is about setting goals for future practice.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A reflective practice mindset requires a willingness to reflect.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In reflective practice, evaluating one’s own contributions is not important.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Professional misconduct

Harmful actions by healthcare professionals, such as reckless or impaired behavior.

Adverse event

Unintended outcomes from medical treatment, either through actions or omissions.

Patient safety culture

A healthcare environment prioritizing minimizing harm and learning from mistakes.

Reflective practice

Analyzing professional conduct through formal reviews and informal self-reflection.

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Reporting adverse events

Obligation to report and learn from unintended patient outcomes.

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Reflective Models

Structured frameworks that help individuals analyze their experiences and learn from them.

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Gibbs' Reflective Cycle

A model that involves describing the experience, analyzing feelings, evaluating the experience, analyzing the experience, creating an action plan, and finally, looking back on the whole process.

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Kolb's Learning Cycle

A model that emphasizes the importance of concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation in the learning process.

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Schon's Reflective Practitioner

This concept emphasizes the importance of reflective practice in professional settings, where practitioners constantly analyze their actions and adapt their approaches.

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Merton's Sociology of Medical Education

A foundational perspective that views medical education as a process of socialization, where students learn not only medical knowledge but also professional values and identities.

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Concrete Experience

The first stage of Kolb's Learning Cycle, involving direct engagement with a situation or task.

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Reflective Observation

The second stage of Kolb's Learning Cycle, involving reviewing and reflecting on the experience.

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Abstract Conceptualization

The third stage of Kolb's Learning Cycle, involving making sense of the experience by drawing conclusions and forming concepts.

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Active Experimentation

The fourth stage of Kolb's Learning Cycle, involving applying the learnings to new situations.

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Learner-Centred Pedagogy

An educational approach prioritizing the individual needs and learning styles of each learner.

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Empathy in Medicine

The ability to understand and share the feelings of a patient, creating a trusting and supportive environment.

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Descriptive Stage

The first stage of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle, focusing on a detailed account of the experience.

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Analytical Stage

The second stage of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle, examining your thoughts and feelings about the experience.

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Evaluative Stage

The third stage of Gibbs' Reflective Cycle, assessing the experience and identifying strengths and weaknesses.

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Evaluation (Gibbs' Cycle)

The step where you assess the experience, identifying what worked well and what needs improvement.

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Analysis (Gibbs' Cycle)

Understanding the underlying causes of the experience, including your own role and other factors.

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Action Plan (Gibbs' Cycle)

Developing a plan to address the areas for improvement identified in the evaluation.

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Reflection in Healthcare

A process of critically examining your actions and decisions as a healthcare professional to learn and improve.

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Impact of Feelings

Recognizing how personal emotions can influence your judgement and actions as a healthcare professional.

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Knowledge and Confidence

The feeling of being prepared and capable in a professional setting.

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Quality of Care

The standard of medical service provided, reflecting the effectiveness and safety of actions.

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Schwartz Rounds: What are they?

Regular meetings where healthcare staff discuss the emotional and social aspects of their work, promoting compassion and understanding.

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Schwartz Round Purpose: To Solve Problems?

Schwartz Rounds are not meant to address clinical problems or solve specific issues. They provide a space for emotional processing and fostering empathy.

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Benefits of Schwartz Rounds

Attending Schwartz Rounds can reduce stress and isolation among staff, improve understanding of different roles, and enhance relational care.

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What is Reflective Practice?

A continuous process of analyzing and learning from professional experiences, aiming to improve future actions.

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ERA Model: Experience, Reflection, Action

A cyclical model for reflective practice: Experiencing a situation, reflecting on it, and taking action based on insights gained.

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Why is Repetition Important in Reflection?

Repeating reflection over a series of related experiences helps identify patterns, deepen understanding, and refine knowledge.

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Reflective Writing: What's it about?

A written exercise where healthcare professionals analyze their experiences, thoughts, and actions, aiming for self-improvement.

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RESPECT Rubric: What is it for?

A framework for assessing reflective writing, focusing on qualities such as presence, description, analysis, and action.

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Schwartz Rounds

Regular meetings where healthcare staff discuss the emotional and social aspects of their work, promoting compassion and understanding.

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ERA Model

A cyclical model for reflective practice: Experiencing a situation, reflecting on it, and taking action based on insights gained.

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Reflective Writing

A written exercise where healthcare professionals analyze their experiences, thoughts, and actions, aiming for self-improvement.

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RESPECT Rubric

A framework for assessing reflective writing, focusing on qualities such as presence, description, analysis, and action.

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Andragogy

The art and science of helping adults learn. It emphasizes active learning, experience-based knowledge, and self-direction.

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What's the key to adult learning?

Adults learn best through experience. They need to be actively involved in the learning process and apply what they learn to real-world situations.

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Why are adult motivations different?

Adults are often motivated by internal factors such as personal growth, career advancement, or solving problems. External pressures play a smaller role.

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Feedback in adult learning

Feedback plays a crucial role in adult learning. It helps individuals understand their progress, identify areas for improvement, and stay motivated.

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What makes adult learning effective?

Variety in learning methods, such as hands-on activities, discussions, and simulations, caters to different learning styles and keeps adults engaged.

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How do attitudes change during adult learning?

Adult learning involves developing new skills and attitudes, leading to a shift in understanding and perspective.

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Experiential learning

Learning through direct experience, participation, and reflection. This approach is highly effective for adult learners.

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Reflection: Debriefing

The process of intentionally reviewing and analyzing an experience to extract its meaning and make it meaningful.

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Metacognition

The ability to be aware of and understand our own thinking processes.

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Reflective Learning: Mezirow's Theory

The process of stepping back and examining our thinking process to understand the problem and the problem-solving method. It's 'thinking about thinking' and how to do it effectively.

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Benefits of Reflection

Reflection helps us to improve our behavior, build theories, make decisions, understand our own learning process, develop ourselves personally, and empower ourselves.

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Critical Thinking

The ability to analyze and evaluate information with a discerning mind to form judgments and make decisions.

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Reflection: Empowerment

Reflection can help us understand our own strengths and weaknesses, leading to greater self-confidence and the ability to take action.

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Reflection: Social Group

Reflection can be used to understand and improve our actions within a group, leading to better collaboration and collective learning.

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Description (Gibbs' Cycle)

The first step where you detail the situation, focusing on what happened, who was involved, and the outcome.

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Feelings (Gibbs' Cycle)

The step where you explore your emotions related to the experience, both positive and negative.

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What happened?

The first step in reflective practice: describing the situation objectively, what actually occurred.

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So what?

Analyzing the event's significance, exploring its deeper meaning and impact.

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What did you do?

Reflecting on your own actions in the situation, evaluating your role and decisions.

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Now what?

Identifying steps for improvement, planning future actions based on learning from reflection.

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Impact on performance?

Examining how the experience affected your work and abilities, both positive and negative.

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Consequences for others?

Considering the impact of the situation on others, including their feelings and reactions.

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Good and bad aspects?

Identifying the positive and negative elements of the experience, learning both from successes and mistakes.

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Emotional impact?

Reflecting on the emotional impact of the situation on both you and others involved.

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Professional Manner

Maintaining appropriate behavior and etiquette while interacting with patients, like a skilled actor playing a role.

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Empathy in Healthcare

Understanding and sharing patients' feelings, creating a trusting and supportive environment, like a friend listening with compassion.

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Reflective Thought

A careful and deliberate consideration of any belief or idea, examining its supporting evidence and potential consequences.

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Deep Learning

Engaging with material in a meaningful way, understanding its underlying principles and connections to prior knowledge.

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Surface Learning

Learning by simply trying to memorize information without deeper comprehension or application to real-world scenarios.

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Self-Reflective Practice

Thinking critically about your own mental processes, understanding your strengths, weaknesses, and how your thinking affects your actions.

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Constructivist Learning

A learning theory that emphasizes active construction of knowledge by learners based on their own experiences and interactions with the world.

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Piaget's Constructivism

A theoretical framework suggesting that individuals learn by actively constructing their understanding of the world through interactions and experiences.

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Transforming Surface to Deep Learning

Moving from passively memorizing information to actively engaging with material, connecting it to prior knowledge, and forming deeper understanding.

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Reflection: Active Learning

Engaging with content, connecting it to personal experiences, and actively thinking through its meaning, leading to better retention and application.

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What is 'Description' in Gibbs' Cycle?

The first stage where you detail the situation, focusing on what happened, who was involved, and the outcome, like a journalist reporting the facts.

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What are 'Feelings' in Gibbs' Cycle?

The second stage where you explore your emotions related to the experience, both positive and negative, like a therapist exploring your inner world.

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What is 'Evaluation' in Gibbs' Cycle?

The third stage where you assess the experience and identify strengths and weaknesses, like a teacher grading student work.

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What is 'Analysis' in Gibbs' Cycle?

The fourth stage where you understand the underlying causes of the experience, including your own role and other factors, like a detective solving a mystery.

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Action Plan

The fourth step in Gibbs' Reflective Cycle, where you formulate a plan to address any weaknesses or areas for improvement identified in the evaluation.

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What is the "Now What?" stage?

The final stage of the 'Now What?' model involves formulating an action plan based on the insights gained in the previous stages. It focuses on what steps to take to improve future performance.

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What are the "4 F's" of active reviewing?

Roger Greenaway's '4 F's' model guides reflection by prompting you to focus on Facts, Feelings, Findings, and Future implications. It's a systematic approach to learning from experience.

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What is the "Now What?" model used for?

The 'Now What?' model is a framework for structured reflection. It helps individuals process an event, understand its implications, and develop an action plan for improvement.

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What is the "So What?" stage?

The "So What?" stage in the Now What? model focuses on the implications of the situation. It encourages thinking about the significance of the event and its impact.

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What is Schwartz Rounds?

Schwartz Rounds are regular meetings where healthcare professionals can discuss the emotional and social aspects of their work. They provide a safe space to share experiences and support each other.

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What is The Experience of the Situation?

This is the first stage in the Now What? model, focusing on a factual account of what happened. Describe the situation objectively, as if you are reporting it to someone else.

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What is the purpose of reflective models?

Reflective models, like Gibbs' Cycle and the 4 F's, provide structured frameworks to help individuals analyze their experiences. They encourage systematic thinking and learning.

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What is the "What?" stage?

In the Now What? model, the "What?" stage involves understanding the experience. It encourages a detailed and neutral description of what happened.

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Study Notes

Reflective Practitioner BMF MED1

  • Presented by Prof. Denis Harkin (MB, MD, FRCSI), Consultant Vascular Surgeon, Chair of Medical Professionalism, RCSI, and Dr Sally Doherty (Dept Psychology, Academic lead in Bahrain, for Professionalism, RCSI)
  • Learning objectives include defining reflective practice, describing reflective practice theory (including Gibbs' Reflective Cycle), understanding the role of reflection in continuous professional development, and discussing reflection's application to learning from clinical scenarios.

Reflective Practice

  • A cognitive process to gain insights, rethink practice, learn from experiences, and cope with similar situations in the future.
  • This helps create better understanding of situations, leading to improvements.

To Err Is Human

  • In the USA, 98,000 people die annually from medical errors in hospitals.
  • Medication errors are more frequent than workplace injuries.
  • The issue isn't bad people in healthcare, but rather flawed systems.
  • Individual professional behavior sometimes leads to patient harm.

Reflective Practice: IMC

  • The behaviors and processes that form the foundation for good care standards.
  • Developing insight into professional practice is crucial for improving care.
  • Formal reviews (e.g., audit, outcome data) and informal reflection (on personal values impacting communication with patients, colleagues, and others) are aspects of reflective practice.

Learning Culture & Safety: IMC

  • Medical treatment involves some risk.
  • Minimizing risk and learning from harm are essential for patient safety culture.
  • Reporting adverse events, learning from them, and participating in reviews is vital.

Reflective Practice: AoMRC

  • Reflection is the analytic process of considering professional practice to gain insight and improve practice.
  • Reflection involves observed, directly involved, or formally learned situations.
  • It can relate to both positive and negative events for behavior reinforcement or change.

Reflective Practice: GMC, AoMRC & COPMED

  • Doctors need open and honest discussion about clinical events and confidence in reflection's value.
  • Reflection improves learning opportunities, self-development, and patient care (where needed).
  • Reflection should focus on gaining understanding, not blame.

Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Definition

  • Medical professionalism is defined as values, behaviours, and attitudes that promote professional relationships, public trust, and patient safety.

Continuous Improvement

  • Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) is a structured process involving healthcare professionals in planning and implementing improvements in care processes to ensure quality health care outcomes.

Reflective Practice Theory

  • This section details different theories of reflective practice, covering various aspects like different cognitive processes, learning styles, and the critical role of reflection.

What is Reflection

  • Reflection allows learning and knowledge to benefit from conscious thought.
  • Reflection on experience uses experiences to update understanding of existing theories.
  • Reflection as metacognition focuses on problems, concepts, or ideas.

Reflective Thought (Dewey)

  • Reflective thought is described as active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or kind of knowledge, examining its support and conclusions.
  • It transforms obscurity into clarity and harmony, converting appetitive and impulsive actions to intelligent ones.

Reflection: Active Learning and Consolidation

  • Piaget's and Marton & Saljo's theories underpin the importance of reflection in active learning and knowledge retention, contextualising learning with personal experiences.

Reflection: Metacognition

  • Metacognition is awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.
  • Reflection is useful for understanding the content and premise of a problem and the problem-solving process itself ("thinking about thinking").

Reflection: Critical Thought (Moon)

  • Reflection has six helpful areas: reviewing own/others' behavior/work, building theories from observing practice, resolving uncertainty, reflecting on learning and metacognition, empowering self-development, and empowering individuals within a social group.

Reflecting on Experience

  • Models like Gibbs' "Reflective Cycle," Driscoll's/Rolfe's model ("What? So what? Now what?"), Kolb's learning cycle, Schon's reflective practitioner, and Bassot and Greenaway's models offer structures for reflection.

Reflection and Professional Development

  • Reflection improves self-awareness and decision-making in professional and personal development.
  • Structured reflection on clinical practice can help identify areas for improvement and implement positive changes within professional practice.

The Task of Medical Education

  • The goal of medical education is to transform medical novices into effective practitioners by providing them with the best knowledge, skills, and a strong professional identity.

Principles of Adult Learning

  • Andragogy is the art and science of helping adults learn, emphasizing independent learners with diverse motivations, expectations, and learning styles.

Life Long Learning

  • Life-long learning is any learning activity aimed at improving knowledge, skills, and competencies in personal, civic, social, and employment contexts.

Clinical Learning Environment: Definition

  • Clinical learning environments (CLEs) are defined by the Macy Foundation (2018) as social interactions, organizational structures, and physical/virtual spaces that shape learning experiences.
  • For healthcare professionals, clinical context is foundational, and efficient, supportive CLEs are essential for high-quality patient care, workforce well-being, and trainee development.

Reflection for Self-awareness

  • Self-reflection enhances self-awareness of strengths and weaknesses, leading to improved effectiveness.
  • Targeted questions (direct, indirect) and feedback (critical friend, mentor, multi-source feedback) are tools for self-reflection.

Reflection: on Feedback

  • Reflection is a pathway for understanding and using feedback, especially concerning self-belief mismatches.

Reflection: Professional Development

  • Reflection leads to increased self-awareness, enabling better planning of professional and personal development.
  • Cunningham and Moore's work highlights how reflection allows for the identification of areas for improvement in healthcare practice, and how reflecting on these areas helps professionals improve.

Employability

  • Employability is a set of achievements, skills, and attributes that make graduates more likely to gain employment and succeed in their chosen fields, benefiting themselves, the workforce, the community, and the economy.

Learning Health System: Learning Cycle

  • Learning Health Systems (LHS) embed knowledge generation within daily healthcare practice, fostering continuous improvement in care for all.
  • The LHS framework relies on organizational architecture that supports patient, healthcare professional, and researcher engagement within large electronic health systems, quality improvement at the point of care from generated research data, and research-centric healthcare settings.

Quality Improvement and PDCA Cycle

  • The Deming/PDSA cycle (Plan-Do-Study-Act) is a systematic process for improving products, processes, and services
  • It was introduced by Walter Shewhart, and refined by Deming, used to achieve valuable learning and knowledge for ongoing improvement.

Reflections as Evidence: GMC

  • Gross negligence manslaughter in healthcare contexts should be explored and understood by medical practitioners.

Reflective Practice Models (Gibbs')

  • Different models, including Gibbs' reflective cycle, support structured reflection and improve practice.

Kolb's Learning Cycle

  • Kolb's model (1984) is a learner-centered cycle that has four stages: Concrete Experience, Reflective Observation, Abstract Conceptualization, and Active Experimentation.
  •  This framework is easily adapted for healthcare professionals.

Gibbs' Reflective Cycle

  • Developed by Graham Gibbs (1988), this cycle (with its six stages) offers a structured way to learn from experiences: Description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion, and action plan.
  •  Each stage has helpful questions. Using these questions alongside a structured framework can improve one's understanding from the experiences gained.

Schon's Reflective Practitioner

  • Schon (1991) describes effective practice as an interplay of knowing-in-action and reflection-in-action occurring simultaneously.
  •  This iterative cycle allows professionals to adjust their practice in response to immediate situations while also considering the knowledge and reflection accumulated after the fact.

What? So What? Now What?

  • Based on simple questions, this framework guides reflection and learning from experience.
  • The framework has three simple questions What? So what? Now what?

Conclusions

  • This presentation concluded with the benefits of reflection and Learning Health Systems.

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