Medical Quiz on Physiology and Anatomy

Questions and Answers

What is the deviation of Haidinger’s brush when it appears 4mm right to fixation point?

1pd

What is stimulated by the vasovagal reflex?

Increase contraction of heart (correct)

Increase stroke volume (correct)

Decrease heart rate (correct)

None of the above

What cranial nerve is affected in a Calvis fracture in women?

CN VI

What innervates the lacrimal sac?

Lacrimal Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is rheumatic fever suppurative for?

Staph pyogenes Signup and view all the answers

What is the catalase positive coagulase negative gram-positive cocci organism?

Staph epidermidis Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is most likely to perforate the eye?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Signup and view all the answers

How does the field of view change when a 2x telescope becomes a 4x telescope?

Half the FOV Signup and view all the answers

What explains the reflex change of a myope at 50 cm when +2.00 is added?

Myope with more than 2.00 Signup and view all the answers

Which test is least helpful in DM type 1?

Oral glucose intolerance Signup and view all the answers

What is the equivalent power of a system with a 25 cm object in front of +4.00 and +8.00 lenses, forming an image 25 cm behind the lenses?

+8.00 Signup and view all the answers

Psoriasis is which type of hypersensitivity?

Type IV Signup and view all the answers

Urticaria is which type of hypersensitivity?

Type I Signup and view all the answers

Phlyctenules are what type of hypersensitivity?

Type III Signup and view all the answers

Scleromalacia perforans manifests as?

Necrotizing and no inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is most commonly associated with?

RA Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely preoperative risk of corneal rejection?

Corneal neovasculature Signup and view all the answers

A patient with anterior uveitis bilaterally and symptoms of polyuria is most likely to have?

Reactive arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common condition associated with episcleritis?

Crohn’s disease Signup and view all the answers

Which tests would you order for NAION? (Select 3)

C-reactive protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the most prominent immunoglobulin in mucosa?

IgA Signup and view all the answers

What condition might you suspect in a 23-year-old male with HZO?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Valacyclovir?

DNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of eyelid infection due to viral etiology?

Molluscum contagiosum Signup and view all the answers

Which condition warrants a lipid panel?

Xanthelasma Signup and view all the answers

Which lid condition presents with serous exudate?

Chalazion Signup and view all the answers

The presence of HZO on the upper left lid can cause anterior uveitis by travel to the ciliary body through which nerve?

Long posterior ciliary nerve Signup and view all the answers

The most common skin malignancy starts at which layer of skin?

Basale Signup and view all the answers

The presence of red nevus in a child will most likely be associated with what condition?

Red-green deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children will be born red-green deficient if both parents are affected?

100% Signup and view all the answers

The presence of multiple black spots on the iris in a child is most likely indicative of:

Neurofibromatosis Signup and view all the answers

The presence of multiple black lesions in retina OU warrants what diagnostic?

Colonoscopy Signup and view all the answers

What condition can myotonic dystrophy cause?

Lens subluxation Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for acetazolamide? (Select 3)

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

What is proliferation of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow called?

Multiple myeloma Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of cell associated with the white dot in Roth spots?

Fibrin thrombus Signup and view all the answers

What causes central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)?

Thrombus Signup and view all the answers

Common sites affected will present with CN III palsy?

Posterior communicating artery Signup and view all the answers

What can cause macula-sparing left homonymous hemianopsia?

Tumor pressing on the posterior cerebral artery Signup and view all the answers

The posterior communicating artery meets which artery at the circle of Willis?

Internal carotid artery Signup and view all the answers

Which three statements are true about classic migraines?

Become less severe after age 50 Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of papilledema?

Venous sinus thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

If there is an APD due to optic neuritis in the right eye, what happens to pupil reaction when light is shone in front of the right eye?

No reaction Signup and view all the answers

What test to order for a patient with bilateral ptosis who complains about difficulty chewing at the end of meals?

Acetylcholine receptor antibody test Signup and view all the answers

Whorl keratopathy can be caused by what medication?

Netarsudil Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by a 35-year-old female who cannot close her left eye and cannot raise the corner of her lip?

Idiopathic facial nerve palsy Signup and view all the answers

Which test correctly assesses artery auscultation?

Duplex ultrasonography Signup and view all the answers

Which three signs are associated with hypothyroidism?

Cold intolerance Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an autoimmune disease?

Hashimoto’s disease Signup and view all the answers

Which eye color deficiency is the most common congenital red-green color deficiency?

Deuteranomaly Signup and view all the answers

Which cell is most commonly found in blood plasma smear?

Erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the tube length for a Galilean telescope?

5.6 cm Signup and view all the answers

What adjustments should be made to relieve spherical aberrations for a patient reading through the intermediate ADD of PAL?

Select 3 (Optical center, Vertex distance, Temple) Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with neonate bilateral retinal hemorrhage?

Shaken baby syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a 'beaten bronze' appearance in an 8-year-old child?

Stargardt’s disease Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you place 4 base down (BD) on the right eye?

Image moves down and minified Signup and view all the answers

What magnifying device helps a low vision patient complaining about difficulty reading and writing?

CCTV Signup and view all the answers

What is the phoric posture of a patient who reports seeing 3 red lights right to 2 green when red and green filters are placed over their respective eyes?

Exotropia Signup and view all the answers

What does Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome cause?

Pan uveitis Signup and view all the answers

Which three conditions are associated with posterior embryotoxon?

Displaced Schwabe’s line into Descemet’s membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the limbus?

Reabsorbs interstitial fluid Signup and view all the answers

Your low vision patient’s contrast sensitivity function shows reduction in height spatial frequency, while moderate and low spatial frequency are normal. Which associated difficulties may the patient complain of? (Select 3)

Difficulty walking down the stairs Signup and view all the answers

What’s most associated with commotio retinae? (Select 2)

Blunt trauma Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common signs associated with globe rupture?

Visual loss, pain, and external signs of trauma Signup and view all the answers

Which veins drain the temporal choroidal vessels?

Vortex vein Signup and view all the answers

What passes through the superior ophthalmic fissure? (Select 3)

Ophthalmic vein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is contraindicated with taking Viagra?

Grapefruit juice Signup and view all the answers

Which serum blood level is elevated in patients with JIA?

Lipid Signup and view all the answers

Find the power vertex power using given F1, F2, n, t.

To be calculated using formula Signup and view all the answers

What is the contraindication for CT with contrast?

Renal disease Signup and view all the answers

What is Zertac?

H1 antagonist Signup and view all the answers

If a patient takes 5 ml timolol twice a day in both eyes, how many days till the first refill?

25 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the mean arterial blood pressure given BP measurement of 140/90 mmHg?

110 Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in a 4 BO test over the right eye showing no duction?

Right eye suppression Signup and view all the answers

What tests are used to measure anomalous correspondence?

Major amblyoscope Signup and view all the answers

What are signs of ocular albinism?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of vitreomacular traction (VMT)?

Loss of macular foveal pit Signup and view all the answers

Why is binocular balance performed?

To equalize the stimulus of accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What is rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?

Detachment of RPE and photoreceptor Signup and view all the answers

What causes episcleritis?

Crohn's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is rebound hyperemia?

Naphazoline Signup and view all the answers

What does the DEM evaluate?

Automaticity only Signup and view all the answers

What can closed head trauma lead to?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Schirmer test?

To assess tear production Signup and view all the answers

In Jones test II, where is the blockage located if the saline comes from the superior caliculi when instilling a needle into the inferior caliculi?

Common canaliculus Signup and view all the answers

What is the best design for soft multifocal lenses for myopia control?

SM Contact Lenses Center Distance Design Signup and view all the answers

What happens to astigmatism in an infant born with 1 ATR by age 5?

Increase Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a patient’s symptoms who has pigment dispersion syndrome if the axial length of the eye increases?

Increase Signup and view all the answers

What does cyclodestructive procedure disrupt?

NPCE, stops aqueous humor production into the posterior chamber Signup and view all the answers

What colors does a yellow filter absorb?

Blue Signup and view all the answers

Pigment dispersion syndrome is caused by rubbing against?

Posterior pigmented iris epithelium Signup and view all the answers

In OCT, pointing to the outer nuclear layer indicates what?

Cell bodies of photoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

Which statements are true about pseudoisochromatic plates? (Select 3)

Congenital vs acquired Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by post ganglionic Horner's syndrome?

Carotid artery dissection Signup and view all the answers

What is the tertiary action of the inferior oblique in abduction gaze?

Excyclotorsion only Signup and view all the answers

What can the eye do normally without restriction in a right MLF lesion?

Left eye adduct Signup and view all the answers

What is iridodonesis?

Movement of the iris during eye motion Signup and view all the answers

What is myelination of the optic nerve?

Starts post lamina cribrosa and ends in LGN, oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What could explain a nasal VF defect in a high myope?

Olique disk insertion Signup and view all the answers

What will a HVF on moderate amblyope show?

Generalized depression Signup and view all the answers

What color sensitivity does a patient with brown cataract report increased sensitivity to after removal of the crystalline lens?

Blue Signup and view all the answers

What wavelength will a yellow filter absorb if white light is incident?

Blue Signup and view all the answers

Why is epinephrine used along with topical anesthesia?

To reduce systemic re-absorption of the anesthesia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Vision and Ocular Anatomy

Haidinger's brush appears 4mm to the right of the fixation point, indicating a displacement of 1 prism diopter (pd).
Calvis fractures in women typically affect cranial nerve VI (Abducens).
The lacrimal sac is innervated by the lacrimal nerve.
The most common condition associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca is rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Physiological Responses

Stimulation of the vasovagal reflex results in decreased heart rate but increased stroke volume due to enhanced cardiac contraction.
A full dark adaptation takes varying times, potentially reaching full adaptation at up to 45 minutes.

Ophthalmic Conditions

Psoriasis is classified as a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
Phlyctenules are also associated with Type IV hypersensitivity.
Urticaria is linked to Type I hypersensitivity.

Diagnostic and Clinical Assessments

In diagnosing diabetic type 1, the oral glucose intolerance test is the least helpful compared to HA1C, fasting glucose, or anti-insulin panel.
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) evaluations include ordering ESR, C-reactive protein, and complete blood count.

Visual Disturbances and Anomalies

Myopic patients with added +2.00 lenses will exhibit "against motion" reflexes if they have myopia greater than 2.00.
The most prominent immunoglobulin in mucosal membranes is IgA.
The presence of xanthelasma necessitates a lipid panel evaluation.

Surgery and Procedures

During an eye examination with 4 base down prisms (4 BD) on the right eye, the image moves down, and is minified.
In cases of bilateral ptosis and chewing difficulty, testing for acetylcholine receptor antibodies can confirm diagnosis.

Pharmacology and Mechanisms

Valacyclovir acts through DNA polymerase inhibition.
Netarsudil may cause whorl keratopathy as a side effect.
Contraindications for acetazolamide include aplastic anemia, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis.

Eye Diseases and Malignancies

The most common skin malignancy originates in the basal layer.
A red nevus in a child may be linked with parental red-green deficiency, with a 100% chance of children being affected regardless of gender.
Commotio retinae is most commonly associated with blunt trauma.

Imaging and Testing

Duplex ultrasonography is the preferred method to accurately assess artery auscultation.
Major amblyoscope is used to measure anomalous correspondence.

Genetic and Developmental Disorders

Myotonic dystrophy can lead to lens subluxation.
Multiple pigmented lesions in a child’s iris indicate possible neurofibromatosis.

Blood and Serology

Assessing for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can show elevated serum copper levels.
Serum lipid levels increase in JIA patients.

Neurological and Systemic Relations

A right MLF lesion allows the left eye to adduct normally without restrictions.
Symptoms associated with craniocerebral trauma may include cavernous sinus fistula.

Light and Vision

Yellow filters absorb blue light while enhancing contrast for patients with sensitivity issues.
Post-ganglionic Horner’s syndrome can occur due to carotid artery dissection.

Conclusion

These notes encapsulate critical facts about eye anatomy, physiological responses, disease conditions, and diagnostic tools relevant to optometry and ophthalmology. Understanding these can aid in both clinical assessments and treatment planning.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various medical topics, including the physiological responses of the body, cranial nerves, and the effects of certain conditions like rheumatic fever. This quiz covers concepts ranging from vasovagal reflex stimulation to dark adaptation times. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand human anatomy and physiology.