Medical Quiz on Physiology and Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the deviation of Haidinger’s brush when it appears 4mm right to fixation point?

1pd

What is stimulated by the vasovagal reflex?

  • Increase contraction of heart (correct)
  • Increase stroke volume (correct)
  • Decrease heart rate (correct)
  • None of the above

    • What cranial nerve is affected in a Calvis fracture in women?

    CN VI

    What innervates the lacrimal sac?

    <p>Lacrimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is rheumatic fever suppurative for?

    <p>Staph pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the catalase positive coagulase negative gram-positive cocci organism?

    <p>Staph epidermidis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is most likely to perforate the eye?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the field of view change when a 2x telescope becomes a 4x telescope?

    <p>Half the FOV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What explains the reflex change of a myope at 50 cm when +2.00 is added?

    <p>Myope with more than 2.00</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is least helpful in DM type 1?

    <p>Oral glucose intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent power of a system with a 25 cm object in front of +4.00 and +8.00 lenses, forming an image 25 cm behind the lenses?

    <p>+8.00</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psoriasis is which type of hypersensitivity?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urticaria is which type of hypersensitivity?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phlyctenules are what type of hypersensitivity?

    <p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scleromalacia perforans manifests as?

    <p>Necrotizing and no inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is most commonly associated with?

    <p>RA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely preoperative risk of corneal rejection?

    <p>Corneal neovasculature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with anterior uveitis bilaterally and symptoms of polyuria is most likely to have?

    <p>Reactive arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common condition associated with episcleritis?

    <p>Crohn’s disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tests would you order for NAION? (Select 3)

    <p>C-reactive protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most prominent immunoglobulin in mucosa?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition might you suspect in a 23-year-old male with HZO?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Valacyclovir?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely cause of eyelid infection due to viral etiology?

    <p>Molluscum contagiosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition warrants a lipid panel?

    <p>Xanthelasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lid condition presents with serous exudate?

    <p>Chalazion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of HZO on the upper left lid can cause anterior uveitis by travel to the ciliary body through which nerve?

    <p>Long posterior ciliary nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common skin malignancy starts at which layer of skin?

    <p>Basale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of red nevus in a child will most likely be associated with what condition?

    <p>Red-green deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children will be born red-green deficient if both parents are affected?

    <p>100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of multiple black spots on the iris in a child is most likely indicative of:

    <p>Neurofibromatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of multiple black lesions in retina OU warrants what diagnostic?

    <p>Colonoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can myotonic dystrophy cause?

    <p>Lens subluxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the contraindications for acetazolamide? (Select 3)

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is proliferation of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow called?

    <p>Multiple myeloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of cell associated with the white dot in Roth spots?

    <p>Fibrin thrombus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)?

    <p>Thrombus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common sites affected will present with CN III palsy?

    <p>Posterior communicating artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause macula-sparing left homonymous hemianopsia?

    <p>Tumor pressing on the posterior cerebral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The posterior communicating artery meets which artery at the circle of Willis?

    <p>Internal carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which three statements are true about classic migraines?

    <p>Become less severe after age 50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the causes of papilledema?

    <p>Venous sinus thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If there is an APD due to optic neuritis in the right eye, what happens to pupil reaction when light is shone in front of the right eye?

    <p>No reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test to order for a patient with bilateral ptosis who complains about difficulty chewing at the end of meals?

    <p>Acetylcholine receptor antibody test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whorl keratopathy can be caused by what medication?

    <p>Netarsudil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by a 35-year-old female who cannot close her left eye and cannot raise the corner of her lip?

    <p>Idiopathic facial nerve palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test correctly assesses artery auscultation?

    <p>Duplex ultrasonography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which three signs are associated with hypothyroidism?

    <p>Cold intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered an autoimmune disease?

    <p>Hashimoto’s disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eye color deficiency is the most common congenital red-green color deficiency?

    <p>Deuteranomaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell is most commonly found in blood plasma smear?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tube length for a Galilean telescope?

    <p>5.6 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adjustments should be made to relieve spherical aberrations for a patient reading through the intermediate ADD of PAL?

    <p>Select 3 (Optical center, Vertex distance, Temple)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with neonate bilateral retinal hemorrhage?

    <p>Shaken baby syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a 'beaten bronze' appearance in an 8-year-old child?

    <p>Stargardt’s disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when you place 4 base down (BD) on the right eye?

    <p>Image moves down and minified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What magnifying device helps a low vision patient complaining about difficulty reading and writing?

    <p>CCTV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phoric posture of a patient who reports seeing 3 red lights right to 2 green when red and green filters are placed over their respective eyes?

    <p>Exotropia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome cause?

    <p>Pan uveitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which three conditions are associated with posterior embryotoxon?

    <p>Displaced Schwabe’s line into Descemet’s membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the limbus?

    <p>Reabsorbs interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Your low vision patient’s contrast sensitivity function shows reduction in height spatial frequency, while moderate and low spatial frequency are normal. Which associated difficulties may the patient complain of? (Select 3)

    <p>Difficulty walking down the stairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What’s most associated with commotio retinae? (Select 2)

    <p>Blunt trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most common signs associated with globe rupture?

    <p>Visual loss, pain, and external signs of trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which veins drain the temporal choroidal vessels?

    <p>Vortex vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What passes through the superior ophthalmic fissure? (Select 3)

    <p>Ophthalmic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is contraindicated with taking Viagra?

    <p>Grapefruit juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serum blood level is elevated in patients with JIA?

    <p>Lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Find the power vertex power using given F1, F2, n, t.

    <p>To be calculated using formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contraindication for CT with contrast?

    <p>Renal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Zertac?

    <p>H1 antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient takes 5 ml timolol twice a day in both eyes, how many days till the first refill?

    <p>25 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean arterial blood pressure given BP measurement of 140/90 mmHg?

    <p>110</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in a 4 BO test over the right eye showing no duction?

    <p>Right eye suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tests are used to measure anomalous correspondence?

    <p>Major amblyoscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are signs of ocular albinism?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of vitreomacular traction (VMT)?

    <p>Loss of macular foveal pit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is binocular balance performed?

    <p>To equalize the stimulus of accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?

    <p>Detachment of RPE and photoreceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes episcleritis?

    <p>Crohn's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rebound hyperemia?

    <p>Naphazoline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DEM evaluate?

    <p>Automaticity only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can closed head trauma lead to?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Schirmer test?

    <p>To assess tear production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Jones test II, where is the blockage located if the saline comes from the superior caliculi when instilling a needle into the inferior caliculi?

    <p>Common canaliculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best design for soft multifocal lenses for myopia control?

    <p>SM Contact Lenses Center Distance Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to astigmatism in an infant born with 1 ATR by age 5?

    <p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a patient’s symptoms who has pigment dispersion syndrome if the axial length of the eye increases?

    <p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cyclodestructive procedure disrupt?

    <p>NPCE, stops aqueous humor production into the posterior chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What colors does a yellow filter absorb?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pigment dispersion syndrome is caused by rubbing against?

    <p>Posterior pigmented iris epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In OCT, pointing to the outer nuclear layer indicates what?

    <p>Cell bodies of photoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statements are true about pseudoisochromatic plates? (Select 3)

    <p>Congenital vs acquired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by post ganglionic Horner's syndrome?

    <p>Carotid artery dissection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tertiary action of the inferior oblique in abduction gaze?

    <p>Excyclotorsion only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the eye do normally without restriction in a right MLF lesion?

    <p>Left eye adduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is iridodonesis?

    <p>Movement of the iris during eye motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is myelination of the optic nerve?

    <p>Starts post lamina cribrosa and ends in LGN, oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could explain a nasal VF defect in a high myope?

    <p>Olique disk insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will a HVF on moderate amblyope show?

    <p>Generalized depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color sensitivity does a patient with brown cataract report increased sensitivity to after removal of the crystalline lens?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What wavelength will a yellow filter absorb if white light is incident?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is epinephrine used along with topical anesthesia?

    <p>To reduce systemic re-absorption of the anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vision and Ocular Anatomy

    • Haidinger's brush appears 4mm to the right of the fixation point, indicating a displacement of 1 prism diopter (pd).
    • Calvis fractures in women typically affect cranial nerve VI (Abducens).
    • The lacrimal sac is innervated by the lacrimal nerve.
    • The most common condition associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca is rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

    Physiological Responses

    • Stimulation of the vasovagal reflex results in decreased heart rate but increased stroke volume due to enhanced cardiac contraction.
    • A full dark adaptation takes varying times, potentially reaching full adaptation at up to 45 minutes.

    Ophthalmic Conditions

    • Psoriasis is classified as a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
    • Phlyctenules are also associated with Type IV hypersensitivity.
    • Urticaria is linked to Type I hypersensitivity.

    Diagnostic and Clinical Assessments

    • In diagnosing diabetic type 1, the oral glucose intolerance test is the least helpful compared to HA1C, fasting glucose, or anti-insulin panel.
    • Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) evaluations include ordering ESR, C-reactive protein, and complete blood count.

    Visual Disturbances and Anomalies

    • Myopic patients with added +2.00 lenses will exhibit "against motion" reflexes if they have myopia greater than 2.00.
    • The most prominent immunoglobulin in mucosal membranes is IgA.
    • The presence of xanthelasma necessitates a lipid panel evaluation.

    Surgery and Procedures

    • During an eye examination with 4 base down prisms (4 BD) on the right eye, the image moves down, and is minified.
    • In cases of bilateral ptosis and chewing difficulty, testing for acetylcholine receptor antibodies can confirm diagnosis.

    Pharmacology and Mechanisms

    • Valacyclovir acts through DNA polymerase inhibition.
    • Netarsudil may cause whorl keratopathy as a side effect.
    • Contraindications for acetazolamide include aplastic anemia, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis.

    Eye Diseases and Malignancies

    • The most common skin malignancy originates in the basal layer.
    • A red nevus in a child may be linked with parental red-green deficiency, with a 100% chance of children being affected regardless of gender.
    • Commotio retinae is most commonly associated with blunt trauma.

    Imaging and Testing

    • Duplex ultrasonography is the preferred method to accurately assess artery auscultation.
    • Major amblyoscope is used to measure anomalous correspondence.

    Genetic and Developmental Disorders

    • Myotonic dystrophy can lead to lens subluxation.
    • Multiple pigmented lesions in a child’s iris indicate possible neurofibromatosis.

    Blood and Serology

    • Assessing for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can show elevated serum copper levels.
    • Serum lipid levels increase in JIA patients.

    Neurological and Systemic Relations

    • A right MLF lesion allows the left eye to adduct normally without restrictions.
    • Symptoms associated with craniocerebral trauma may include cavernous sinus fistula.

    Light and Vision

    • Yellow filters absorb blue light while enhancing contrast for patients with sensitivity issues.
    • Post-ganglionic Horner’s syndrome can occur due to carotid artery dissection.

    Conclusion

    These notes encapsulate critical facts about eye anatomy, physiological responses, disease conditions, and diagnostic tools relevant to optometry and ophthalmology. Understanding these can aid in both clinical assessments and treatment planning.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various medical topics, including the physiological responses of the body, cranial nerves, and the effects of certain conditions like rheumatic fever. This quiz covers concepts ranging from vasovagal reflex stimulation to dark adaptation times. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand human anatomy and physiology.

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