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Questions and Answers
What is the deviation of Haidinger’s brush when it appears 4mm right to fixation point?
What is the deviation of Haidinger’s brush when it appears 4mm right to fixation point?
1pd
What is stimulated by the vasovagal reflex?
What is stimulated by the vasovagal reflex?
- Increase contraction of heart (correct)
- Increase stroke volume (correct)
- Decrease heart rate (correct)
- None of the above
What cranial nerve is affected in a Calvis fracture in women?
What cranial nerve is affected in a Calvis fracture in women?
CN VI
What innervates the lacrimal sac?
What innervates the lacrimal sac?
Which organism is rheumatic fever suppurative for?
Which organism is rheumatic fever suppurative for?
What is the catalase positive coagulase negative gram-positive cocci organism?
What is the catalase positive coagulase negative gram-positive cocci organism?
Which organism is most likely to perforate the eye?
Which organism is most likely to perforate the eye?
How does the field of view change when a 2x telescope becomes a 4x telescope?
How does the field of view change when a 2x telescope becomes a 4x telescope?
What explains the reflex change of a myope at 50 cm when +2.00 is added?
What explains the reflex change of a myope at 50 cm when +2.00 is added?
Which test is least helpful in DM type 1?
Which test is least helpful in DM type 1?
What is the equivalent power of a system with a 25 cm object in front of +4.00 and +8.00 lenses, forming an image 25 cm behind the lenses?
What is the equivalent power of a system with a 25 cm object in front of +4.00 and +8.00 lenses, forming an image 25 cm behind the lenses?
Psoriasis is which type of hypersensitivity?
Psoriasis is which type of hypersensitivity?
Urticaria is which type of hypersensitivity?
Urticaria is which type of hypersensitivity?
Phlyctenules are what type of hypersensitivity?
Phlyctenules are what type of hypersensitivity?
Scleromalacia perforans manifests as?
Scleromalacia perforans manifests as?
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is most commonly associated with?
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is most commonly associated with?
What is the most likely preoperative risk of corneal rejection?
What is the most likely preoperative risk of corneal rejection?
A patient with anterior uveitis bilaterally and symptoms of polyuria is most likely to have?
A patient with anterior uveitis bilaterally and symptoms of polyuria is most likely to have?
What is the most common condition associated with episcleritis?
What is the most common condition associated with episcleritis?
Which tests would you order for NAION? (Select 3)
Which tests would you order for NAION? (Select 3)
What is the most prominent immunoglobulin in mucosa?
What is the most prominent immunoglobulin in mucosa?
What condition might you suspect in a 23-year-old male with HZO?
What condition might you suspect in a 23-year-old male with HZO?
What is the mechanism of action of Valacyclovir?
What is the mechanism of action of Valacyclovir?
What is the likely cause of eyelid infection due to viral etiology?
What is the likely cause of eyelid infection due to viral etiology?
Which condition warrants a lipid panel?
Which condition warrants a lipid panel?
Which lid condition presents with serous exudate?
Which lid condition presents with serous exudate?
The presence of HZO on the upper left lid can cause anterior uveitis by travel to the ciliary body through which nerve?
The presence of HZO on the upper left lid can cause anterior uveitis by travel to the ciliary body through which nerve?
The most common skin malignancy starts at which layer of skin?
The most common skin malignancy starts at which layer of skin?
The presence of red nevus in a child will most likely be associated with what condition?
The presence of red nevus in a child will most likely be associated with what condition?
What percentage of children will be born red-green deficient if both parents are affected?
What percentage of children will be born red-green deficient if both parents are affected?
The presence of multiple black spots on the iris in a child is most likely indicative of:
The presence of multiple black spots on the iris in a child is most likely indicative of:
The presence of multiple black lesions in retina OU warrants what diagnostic?
The presence of multiple black lesions in retina OU warrants what diagnostic?
What condition can myotonic dystrophy cause?
What condition can myotonic dystrophy cause?
What are the contraindications for acetazolamide? (Select 3)
What are the contraindications for acetazolamide? (Select 3)
What is proliferation of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow called?
What is proliferation of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow called?
What is the type of cell associated with the white dot in Roth spots?
What is the type of cell associated with the white dot in Roth spots?
What causes central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)?
What causes central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)?
Common sites affected will present with CN III palsy?
Common sites affected will present with CN III palsy?
What can cause macula-sparing left homonymous hemianopsia?
What can cause macula-sparing left homonymous hemianopsia?
The posterior communicating artery meets which artery at the circle of Willis?
The posterior communicating artery meets which artery at the circle of Willis?
Which three statements are true about classic migraines?
Which three statements are true about classic migraines?
What are the causes of papilledema?
What are the causes of papilledema?
If there is an APD due to optic neuritis in the right eye, what happens to pupil reaction when light is shone in front of the right eye?
If there is an APD due to optic neuritis in the right eye, what happens to pupil reaction when light is shone in front of the right eye?
What test to order for a patient with bilateral ptosis who complains about difficulty chewing at the end of meals?
What test to order for a patient with bilateral ptosis who complains about difficulty chewing at the end of meals?
Whorl keratopathy can be caused by what medication?
Whorl keratopathy can be caused by what medication?
What condition is indicated by a 35-year-old female who cannot close her left eye and cannot raise the corner of her lip?
What condition is indicated by a 35-year-old female who cannot close her left eye and cannot raise the corner of her lip?
Which test correctly assesses artery auscultation?
Which test correctly assesses artery auscultation?
Which three signs are associated with hypothyroidism?
Which three signs are associated with hypothyroidism?
What is considered an autoimmune disease?
What is considered an autoimmune disease?
Which eye color deficiency is the most common congenital red-green color deficiency?
Which eye color deficiency is the most common congenital red-green color deficiency?
Which cell is most commonly found in blood plasma smear?
Which cell is most commonly found in blood plasma smear?
What is the tube length for a Galilean telescope?
What is the tube length for a Galilean telescope?
What adjustments should be made to relieve spherical aberrations for a patient reading through the intermediate ADD of PAL?
What adjustments should be made to relieve spherical aberrations for a patient reading through the intermediate ADD of PAL?
What condition is associated with neonate bilateral retinal hemorrhage?
What condition is associated with neonate bilateral retinal hemorrhage?
What indicates a 'beaten bronze' appearance in an 8-year-old child?
What indicates a 'beaten bronze' appearance in an 8-year-old child?
What happens when you place 4 base down (BD) on the right eye?
What happens when you place 4 base down (BD) on the right eye?
What magnifying device helps a low vision patient complaining about difficulty reading and writing?
What magnifying device helps a low vision patient complaining about difficulty reading and writing?
What is the phoric posture of a patient who reports seeing 3 red lights right to 2 green when red and green filters are placed over their respective eyes?
What is the phoric posture of a patient who reports seeing 3 red lights right to 2 green when red and green filters are placed over their respective eyes?
What does Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome cause?
What does Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome cause?
Which three conditions are associated with posterior embryotoxon?
Which three conditions are associated with posterior embryotoxon?
What is the function of the limbus?
What is the function of the limbus?
Your low vision patient’s contrast sensitivity function shows reduction in height spatial frequency, while moderate and low spatial frequency are normal. Which associated difficulties may the patient complain of? (Select 3)
Your low vision patient’s contrast sensitivity function shows reduction in height spatial frequency, while moderate and low spatial frequency are normal. Which associated difficulties may the patient complain of? (Select 3)
What’s most associated with commotio retinae? (Select 2)
What’s most associated with commotio retinae? (Select 2)
What are the most common signs associated with globe rupture?
What are the most common signs associated with globe rupture?
Which veins drain the temporal choroidal vessels?
Which veins drain the temporal choroidal vessels?
What passes through the superior ophthalmic fissure? (Select 3)
What passes through the superior ophthalmic fissure? (Select 3)
Which of the following is contraindicated with taking Viagra?
Which of the following is contraindicated with taking Viagra?
Which serum blood level is elevated in patients with JIA?
Which serum blood level is elevated in patients with JIA?
Find the power vertex power using given F1, F2, n, t.
Find the power vertex power using given F1, F2, n, t.
What is the contraindication for CT with contrast?
What is the contraindication for CT with contrast?
What is Zertac?
What is Zertac?
If a patient takes 5 ml timolol twice a day in both eyes, how many days till the first refill?
If a patient takes 5 ml timolol twice a day in both eyes, how many days till the first refill?
What is the mean arterial blood pressure given BP measurement of 140/90 mmHg?
What is the mean arterial blood pressure given BP measurement of 140/90 mmHg?
What occurs in a 4 BO test over the right eye showing no duction?
What occurs in a 4 BO test over the right eye showing no duction?
What tests are used to measure anomalous correspondence?
What tests are used to measure anomalous correspondence?
What are signs of ocular albinism?
What are signs of ocular albinism?
What is a sign of vitreomacular traction (VMT)?
What is a sign of vitreomacular traction (VMT)?
Why is binocular balance performed?
Why is binocular balance performed?
What is rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?
What is rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?
What causes episcleritis?
What causes episcleritis?
What is rebound hyperemia?
What is rebound hyperemia?
What does the DEM evaluate?
What does the DEM evaluate?
What can closed head trauma lead to?
What can closed head trauma lead to?
What is the purpose of the Schirmer test?
What is the purpose of the Schirmer test?
In Jones test II, where is the blockage located if the saline comes from the superior caliculi when instilling a needle into the inferior caliculi?
In Jones test II, where is the blockage located if the saline comes from the superior caliculi when instilling a needle into the inferior caliculi?
What is the best design for soft multifocal lenses for myopia control?
What is the best design for soft multifocal lenses for myopia control?
What happens to astigmatism in an infant born with 1 ATR by age 5?
What happens to astigmatism in an infant born with 1 ATR by age 5?
What happens to a patient’s symptoms who has pigment dispersion syndrome if the axial length of the eye increases?
What happens to a patient’s symptoms who has pigment dispersion syndrome if the axial length of the eye increases?
What does cyclodestructive procedure disrupt?
What does cyclodestructive procedure disrupt?
What colors does a yellow filter absorb?
What colors does a yellow filter absorb?
Pigment dispersion syndrome is caused by rubbing against?
Pigment dispersion syndrome is caused by rubbing against?
In OCT, pointing to the outer nuclear layer indicates what?
In OCT, pointing to the outer nuclear layer indicates what?
Which statements are true about pseudoisochromatic plates? (Select 3)
Which statements are true about pseudoisochromatic plates? (Select 3)
What condition is indicated by post ganglionic Horner's syndrome?
What condition is indicated by post ganglionic Horner's syndrome?
What is the tertiary action of the inferior oblique in abduction gaze?
What is the tertiary action of the inferior oblique in abduction gaze?
What can the eye do normally without restriction in a right MLF lesion?
What can the eye do normally without restriction in a right MLF lesion?
What is iridodonesis?
What is iridodonesis?
What is myelination of the optic nerve?
What is myelination of the optic nerve?
What could explain a nasal VF defect in a high myope?
What could explain a nasal VF defect in a high myope?
What will a HVF on moderate amblyope show?
What will a HVF on moderate amblyope show?
What color sensitivity does a patient with brown cataract report increased sensitivity to after removal of the crystalline lens?
What color sensitivity does a patient with brown cataract report increased sensitivity to after removal of the crystalline lens?
What wavelength will a yellow filter absorb if white light is incident?
What wavelength will a yellow filter absorb if white light is incident?
Why is epinephrine used along with topical anesthesia?
Why is epinephrine used along with topical anesthesia?
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Study Notes
Vision and Ocular Anatomy
- Haidinger's brush appears 4mm to the right of the fixation point, indicating a displacement of 1 prism diopter (pd).
- Calvis fractures in women typically affect cranial nerve VI (Abducens).
- The lacrimal sac is innervated by the lacrimal nerve.
- The most common condition associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca is rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Physiological Responses
- Stimulation of the vasovagal reflex results in decreased heart rate but increased stroke volume due to enhanced cardiac contraction.
- A full dark adaptation takes varying times, potentially reaching full adaptation at up to 45 minutes.
Ophthalmic Conditions
- Psoriasis is classified as a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
- Phlyctenules are also associated with Type IV hypersensitivity.
- Urticaria is linked to Type I hypersensitivity.
Diagnostic and Clinical Assessments
- In diagnosing diabetic type 1, the oral glucose intolerance test is the least helpful compared to HA1C, fasting glucose, or anti-insulin panel.
- Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) evaluations include ordering ESR, C-reactive protein, and complete blood count.
Visual Disturbances and Anomalies
- Myopic patients with added +2.00 lenses will exhibit "against motion" reflexes if they have myopia greater than 2.00.
- The most prominent immunoglobulin in mucosal membranes is IgA.
- The presence of xanthelasma necessitates a lipid panel evaluation.
Surgery and Procedures
- During an eye examination with 4 base down prisms (4 BD) on the right eye, the image moves down, and is minified.
- In cases of bilateral ptosis and chewing difficulty, testing for acetylcholine receptor antibodies can confirm diagnosis.
Pharmacology and Mechanisms
- Valacyclovir acts through DNA polymerase inhibition.
- Netarsudil may cause whorl keratopathy as a side effect.
- Contraindications for acetazolamide include aplastic anemia, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis.
Eye Diseases and Malignancies
- The most common skin malignancy originates in the basal layer.
- A red nevus in a child may be linked with parental red-green deficiency, with a 100% chance of children being affected regardless of gender.
- Commotio retinae is most commonly associated with blunt trauma.
Imaging and Testing
- Duplex ultrasonography is the preferred method to accurately assess artery auscultation.
- Major amblyoscope is used to measure anomalous correspondence.
Genetic and Developmental Disorders
- Myotonic dystrophy can lead to lens subluxation.
- Multiple pigmented lesions in a child’s iris indicate possible neurofibromatosis.
Blood and Serology
- Assessing for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can show elevated serum copper levels.
- Serum lipid levels increase in JIA patients.
Neurological and Systemic Relations
- A right MLF lesion allows the left eye to adduct normally without restrictions.
- Symptoms associated with craniocerebral trauma may include cavernous sinus fistula.
Light and Vision
- Yellow filters absorb blue light while enhancing contrast for patients with sensitivity issues.
- Post-ganglionic Horner’s syndrome can occur due to carotid artery dissection.
Conclusion
These notes encapsulate critical facts about eye anatomy, physiological responses, disease conditions, and diagnostic tools relevant to optometry and ophthalmology. Understanding these can aid in both clinical assessments and treatment planning.
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