Medical Milestones and Hippocratic Oath Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Who performed the first open-heart surgery?

William Bigelow (correct)

John Charnley

Christiaan Barnard

Davina Thompson

What year did the first kidney transplant take place in America?

1986

1972

1952 (correct)

1962

Which important discovery was made in 1902?

Anesthesia

Blood Groups (correct)

Blood Circulation

X-rays

What medical advancement did John Charnley develop in the 1970s?

Hip replacements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following discoveries is attributed to Alexander Fleming?

Penicillin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of taking long walks before meals according to the content?

It prepares the body for food and aids digestion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles is a part of the Hippocratic Oath?

To ensure no harm comes to patients. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Hippocratic medicine is mentioned as having been forgotten or banned during certain historical periods?

Anatomical dissections. Signup and view all the answers

Which historical figure is honored in the Hippocratic Oath as a witness?

Aesculapius. Signup and view all the answers

What should a doctor refrain from, according to the Hippocratic Oath?

Cutting for the stone. Signup and view all the answers

Who is treated with the same respect as the pupils of the doctor in the Hippocratic Oath?

The master's children. Signup and view all the answers

During which historical period was Hippocratic medicine primarily developed?

Ancient Greece. Signup and view all the answers

What is stated about healing the sick in the Hippocratic Oath?

To provide the best diet according to judgment and means. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key component of the Roman public health system?

Aqueducts for drinking water Signup and view all the answers

Which advances in military medicine were made during Roman times?

Antiseptic methods like acetum Signup and view all the answers

What happened to medical knowledge during the Middle Ages?

Much of it was lost, surviving only in Muslim cities Signup and view all the answers

How did the Roman military address the health of its troops?

By requiring medical assistants and officers for each legion Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the period of the Middle Ages in terms of medicine?

A period of stagnation and ignorance Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Roman Catholic Church play in Middle Ages medicine?

Dominated medical practices and beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor that affected communication during the Middle Ages?

Waves of barbarian invasions Signup and view all the answers

When did civilian hospitals begin to emerge in relation to Roman military medicine?

600 AD Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to medical stagnation during the Middle Ages?

Encouragement of prayer and superstition by the Church Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant achievement of the School of Salerno in relation to medicine?

Development of pharmacological treaties Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as the 'Father of Islamic Medicine'?

Rhazes Signup and view all the answers

What type of medical literature was developed by Islamic physicians?

Extensive and complex medical literature Signup and view all the answers

What event increased contact between European and Muslim doctors during the Middle Ages?

The Crusades Signup and view all the answers

Which major work was authored by Avicenna?

The Canon of Medicine Signup and view all the answers

What was one function of hospitals during the Islamic Golden Age?

Conducting clinical and scientific sessions Signup and view all the answers

What was the emphasis of medical practice in the Middle Ages according to prevailing ideas?

Authoritative texts and established figures Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant development during the Renaissance that facilitated the spread of knowledge?

Introduction of printing Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as the most important figure in French surgery during the Renaissance?

Ambroise Paré Signup and view all the answers

What focus shift occurred in anatomy during the Renaissance?

From the Galenic theory to empirical studies Signup and view all the answers

What was a common health issue in early modern towns during the Renaissance?

Lack of sewer systems Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable anatomical research contribution made by Leonardo da Vinci?

Anatomical research performed in a hospital Signup and view all the answers

What method did Ambroise Paré develop for treating wounds?

Direct suturing without cauterization Signup and view all the answers

Which theory did George Stahl Ernst contribute to regarding illness?

Psychological influence on emotions Signup and view all the answers

What major societal change influenced the educational landscape during the Renaissance?

Rise of urban centers Signup and view all the answers

What was a common belief regarding illness during the prehistoric stage?

Illness occurred due to loss or theft of a person's spirit. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices was NOT common in ancient Egyptian medicine?

Use of herbal remedies exclusively. Signup and view all the answers

What method was utilized by primitive peoples to treat illnesses according to archaeological findings?

Trepanning of the skull. Signup and view all the answers

In ancient Egypt, which category of medicine relied heavily on empirical understanding?

Empirical medicine. Signup and view all the answers

What role did witch-doctors play in the healing practices of prehistoric cultures?

They combined healing with spiritual functions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'empirical medicine' refer to in ancient Egyptian practices?

Medical practices grounded in observation and facts. Signup and view all the answers

How did modern primitive peoples like Australian Aborigines view the cause of illness?

Spirit loss or theft was a common explanation for illness. Signup and view all the answers

What significant development in medicine occurred during the ancient Greek period?

Birth of technical medicine. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

History of Health Sciences

Unit III covers the history of health sciences and the foundations of physiotherapy.

Prehistory (3 million years to 3000 BC)

Life appeared on Earth around 3200 BC.
Humans were nomadic.
Systems of beliefs revolved around unpredictable spirits.
Early understanding of functions of the body, aspects of illness, and of health.
Evidence of prehistoric people suffering from conditions like clubfoot and diseases like leprosy.
Early forms of healing and treatment existed based on observation of animal reactions and artistic expression such as cave paintings.
Archaeologists study trepanation (creating holes in skulls) to understand their motives (curing disease or freeing spirits).
Australian Aborigines had traditional healing practices that incorporated spiritual beliefs. They used various methods including wound care from encasing bones in mud, and incorporating communal knowledge about healing.

History (3000 BC to Nowadays)

Organized into time intervals: Paleolithic, Neolithic, Ancient Age, Medieval, Modern Age, and Contemporary.
Key milestones of the eras from 3 million years BC to the 21st century.
Specific events include the development of agriculture, invention of writing, the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the discovery of America, and the French Revolution.

Ancient Egypt (3000 BC – 500 BC)

First great civilization in the world.
Hieroglyphic writing started around 3200 BC.
Developed medical care comparable to that of today.
Mummification revealed knowledge about internal human organs.
Developed the profession of medicine with a system of training and specialization.
Two types of medicine occurred: Religious and empirical.
Religious medicine was guided by priests, and contained divine punishment.
Empirical medicine involved observation of the body and its functions, and the idea of organic disease. Specialists were known as wizards and physicians.
Developed a medical theory on the heart as central to a system of 46 channels (or tubes) within the body.
Used practices for first aid, such as stitching wounds, bandaging and employing herbal antiseptic agents.
Public sanitation practices included baths, toilets, and personal cleanliness.
Also performed simple surgical procedures.
Physicians performed interviews, evaluations, and diagnosis.
Developed the Edwin Smith surgical papyrus, a collection of anatomical injury observations and cures devoid of magical thinking.
Imhotep was an important figure, considered the "Father of Medicine" and a celebrated doctor, priest, and architect.

Ancient Greece (800 BC - 300 BC)

Transitioned from the magical-religious to the technical stage in medical understanding.
They discarded magic and divine intervention explanations for illness.
Develop natural explanations and causes for illness.
Hippocratic medicine became prominent, emphasizing the theory of four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile).
A balance among the humours signified health, and imbalance meant illness.
Hippocrates, often referred to as the "Father of Medicine." emphasized dissections of corpses to study the workings of the human body.
Practiced first aid techniques during wars.
Doctors operated healing centers where they observed, diagnosed, and treated their patients.

Roman Hellenism

Greek medical knowledge adopted by the Romans.
Doctors in Rome were often Greek slaves but their skills were valued nevertheless.
Galen (130-200 AD) was a prominent physician trained in Alexandria. He's considered the most important physician of the Roman Empire.
Galen's anatomical studies of animals shaped some of his understanding although not all was accurate to the human body.
Galen employed the four humors theory as cause of diseases.
Significant contribution to military medicine with an approach to keeping troops healthy and fit. Methods of surgery and the use of antiseptics were explored, and surgical instruments were developed.
Romans developed a public health system with innovative infrastructure, such as aqueducts (water supply), public toilets, and advanced sanitation systems.
This helped prevent epidemics from spreading

Middle Ages (c. 5th century AD – c.15th century AD)

Period of stagnation and ignorance in medicine relative to other periods.
Communication was limited, which caused the loss of medicine and medical knowledge from previous civilizations.
Disease was attributed to divine punishment or spells.
Authority and superstition played a key role in medical practices.
Loss of resources from small fiefdoms made it difficult to establish hospitals and universities.
However, The School of Salerno and other Universities arose to establish empiricism and observation as a new tool in medicine.
Contributions from Islamic scholars and physicians were translated into Arabic, which helped preserve and expand certain medical knowledge.
The Islamic Golden Age (c. 8th to 13th centuries) saw tremendous medical advancements such as new treatments for diseases and improved medical books with ideas developed to treat illness and diagnose disease.
The major figures of this time included Rhazes and Avicenna.
They developed hospitals with features such as record keeping, and patient care methods, that anticipated future medical practice.

The Renaissance (1400 AD - 1750 AD)

Renaissance meant an emphasis on the birth of learning.
Printing technology facilitated the dissemination of information, including medical knowledge.
Development of Trade and exchange brought universities and cities together, and led to the increase in knowledge.
Medieval and Ancient philosophies reemerged from antiquity.
Anatomy and surgery were advanced through scientific studies done on bodies.
A great example of a scholar of this time is Leonardo da Vinci.
New advancements in medicine included the study of human bodies and the study of their functions.
Public health issues like the Black Plague of England occurred due to the lack of organized sanitation methods like water supplies and sewerage systems.
The development of new tools such as surgical instruments and the discovery of X-Rays occurred during this period.
Discoveries like the circulation of blood and the development of the smallpox vaccine began during this time.

17th and 18th Centuries

Birth of scientific societies, and publication of medical journals.
Medical understanding and the use of science improved public health throughout Europe.
Age of Enlightenment encouraged a new approach to critical thinking and confidence in scientific investigation, improving the standardization of medical practices.

Social medicine and public health arose.
An understanding that disease could be linked with social factors and lifestyle.
The identification that diseases had their roots in social factors such as hygiene, lifestyle, and living conditions.
The focus shifted from just treating the illness to also improving the living conditions.
The aim was to understand and prevent diseases by improving sanitation in places like prisons, hospitals, and factories.
In addition, they understood how diseases related to work, such as occupational hazards in mining or factories.
Key contributions to the field included the importance of better living conditions and a new understanding of hygiene.

19th and 20th centuries

Advances in diagnosis, treatment and surgery, and in the fields of microbiology and bacteriology.
Notable figures include Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Robert Koch.
Advances in medicine included advancements in antisepsis, and the discovery of anesthesia by Joseph Lister.

20th Century

Explosion of scientific understanding in medical technology.
Increased role of public health and development of hospitals, and new treatments for diseases that took hold earlier in the century.
Advances in medicine in the field of surgery, with new understanding of the human body, and new surgical techniques such as open-heart surgery, transplantation and advances in surgery including cataract surgery, hip replacements, and the transplant of lungs and livers.
Important figures introduced new practices, and their discoveries resulted in new treatments for a variety of conditions.
The period also introduced a new understanding of the human being as a "bio-psycho-social" one, and included the role of emotions and psychology on health.
New approaches to healthcare shifted focus to disease prevention and to improving quality of life.

20th and 21st Centuries

Continued development and improvements in medical technology, such as insulin, antibiotics, the polio vaccine, and advancements in surgical techniques.
Recognition of chronic and degenerative diseases, along with autoimmune diseases as key medical challenges which required comprehensive strategies and treatment methods.
Development of medical specialties within the larger health care system.

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Test your knowledge on significant medical advancements and the principles of the Hippocratic Oath. Questions cover key historical figures, important medical discoveries, and ethical practices in medicine. Challenge yourself and explore the history of healthcare.