Medical Microbiology Introduction

<p>Robert Koch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To differentiate between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relies on fluorophores that emit light when excited by specific wavelengths. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TEM reveals internal structures while SEM reveals external structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Used to prove the cause of a specific disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ignaz Semmelweis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discovered that cowpox protects against smallpox (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbes that thrive in extreme environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He discovered the contagion was not a bacterium but a living fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using inorganic materials for biosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyphyletic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lynn Margulis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The smallest distance by which two objects can be distinguished (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dark-field microscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formula λ/2 and Numerical Aperture (NA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To adhere cells to a slide in a fixed position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The magnification power of the microscope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram stain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phase-contrast microscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A defect in image due to improper light focusing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It covers the cell membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unsaturated fatty acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains a polar hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To propel the cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaea have ether linkages in their phospholipids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is made of a phospholipid bilayer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They modify membrane fluidity under stress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide rigidity and shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits the transpeptidase cross-linking peptides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tethers the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polar aging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caulobacter crescentus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA encodes hereditary information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To introduce or remove supercoils in DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The direction of the DNA twist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topoisomerase II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA is the transforming substance in bacterial genetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptidoglycan (murein) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antiparallel strands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased internal pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linked by phosphodiester bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A microscopic organism that may exist as a single cell or in a colony of cells.

Microbes have significantly influenced human history, culture, and health.

Nurse who highlighted the impact of diseases in warfare, especially microbial infections.

Scientist who founded modern microbiology and established Koch's Postulates for identifying pathogens.

A series of criteria to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and an infectious disease.

A method to classify bacteria as gram-positive or gram-negative.

Uses carbolfuchsin to stain Mycobacterium species.

Uses fluorophores that emit light to visualize specimens.

Uses electrons to pass through specimens for internal structure imaging.

Combines images of rapidly frozen samples to create 3D visualizations.

The smallest distance two objects can be separated and still distinguished.

The act of enlarging the appearance of an object using lenses.

Determines the resolving power of a lens system in microscopy.

The smallest distance which can be resolved, calculated as λ/2 and NA.

A defect in an image caused by light rays not focusing properly.

Generates a dark image of an object against a light background.

A method of viewing live organisms in a drop of water on a slide.

A staining method that colors cells without affecting surrounding tissue.

A culture containing only one bacterial species, used to establish causation of diseases.

Scientist who discovered cowpox vaccination protects against smallpox.

Introduced handwashing with antiseptic to prevent disease transmission in hospitals.

Discovered penicillin, a substance produced by mold that kills bacteria.

Organisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions.

Microbes that live inside larger organisms, benefiting both parties.

Groups of organisms that descend from a common ancestor.

A genetic process where bacteria take up foreign DNA from their environment.

A technique to determine atomic positions in crystallized samples.

A viscous gel-like substance within the cell that supports organelles.

Molecule with hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head, forming cell membranes.

Movement of molecules along the concentration gradient without energy.

Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Fatty acids that decrease membrane fluidity, improving function at high temperatures.

Fatty acids that increase membrane fluidity, improving function at low temperatures.

The largest family of active transport systems in cells.

A group translocation mechanism used by bacteria to transport sugars while phosphorylating them.

Provides rigidity and shape to the cell, helping it withstand turgor pressure.

A polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer in the bacterial cell wall.

Inhibits transpeptidase, preventing peptide cross-linking in peptidoglycan synthesis.

Binds to the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptide, blocking cross-bridge formation in peptidoglycan.

A component found in Archaea similar to bacterial peptidoglycan, providing structural support.

The method of prokaryotic cell division where a single cell divides into two daughter cells.

Polar aging process where older components localize to one pole during division.

A bacterium that generates two types of daughter cells (motile and stalked) due to cell asymmetry.

A specialized structure used by bacteria for swimming and locomotion.

Movement of an organism in response to chemical stimuli, often towards nutrients or away from toxins.

Compact bacterial chromosome structure formed by supercoiled DNA and loop domains.

DNA is twisted in the opposite direction of the helix, making it less compact and easier to unwind.

An enzyme that relaxes DNA by cutting one strand and reforming it, helping manage supercoiling.

Creates double-strand breaks in DNA to introduce negative supercoiling, crucial for replication.