26 Questions
What is the primary effect of alterations in fluid volume on electrolyte balance?
It affects the electrolyte component and influences fluid movement
Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by a pH below 7?
Acidosis
What is the normal range of blood pH?
7.35 to 7.45
What is the primary cause of electrolyte imbalance in renal disorders?
Disturbances in the ECF compartment
Which of the following electrolytes is NOT one of the four main electrolytes?
Phosphorus (Ph+)
What is the primary goal of hydration therapy in patients with electrolyte imbalance?
To restore fluid balance
What is the primary complication of vomiting related to electrolyte balance?
Electrolyte deficiency
Which renal disorder is characterized by an imbalance in the ICF compartment?
Nephrotic Syndrome
What is the primary goal of oral rehydration therapy in the management of acute gastroenteritis?
Replace lost electrolytes
A patient with severe vomiting is at risk of developing which electrolyte imbalance?
Hypokalemia
What is the primary mechanism by which the body regulates acid-base balance?
Respiratory compensation
A patient with acute glomerulonephritis is at risk of developing which complication?
Hypertension
What is the primary goal of hydration therapy in patients with acute gastroenteritis?
Replace lost fluids and electrolytes
A patient with chronic renal failure is at risk of developing which electrolyte imbalance?
Hyperkalemia
What is the primary cause of acute kidney injury in patients with gastroenteritis?
Dehydration
A patient with nephrotic syndrome is at risk of developing which complication?
Renal vein thrombosis
What is the primary goal of medical management in patients with acute renal failure?
Restore renal function
A patient with acid-base imbalance is at risk of developing which complication?
Respiratory failure
What percentage of total body weight is accounted for by body water in children?
65-70%
Where does the GI system play a major role in maintaining balance?
Fluid and electrolyte balance
What is the primary goal of hydration therapy in treating dehydration?
Replacing lost fluids
Which of the following is NOT a category of dehydration?
Chronic
What is a common laboratory diagnostic study used to diagnose electrolyte imbalance?
Electrolyte panel
What is the primary goal of acid-base balance regulation?
Maintaining optimal pH levels
Which of the following is a complication of acute gastroenteritis?
All of the above
What is a key aspect of nursing management for patients with acute gastroenteritis?
Fluid replacement therapy
Study Notes
Alterations in Fluid and Electrolytes / Acid-Base Balance
Causes of Dehydration
- Insensible water loss from skin and respiratory tract
- Increased renal and GI excretion of fluids (vomiting, diarrhea)
- Decreased intake of fluids
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Burns
Categories of Dehydration
- Osmolality and serum sodium concentration
- Laboratory and diagnostic studies: urinalysis, CBC, electrolyte studies, ABG, BUN, serum bicarbonate
Nursing Management
- Determine cause of vomiting
- Thirst: most sensitive guide to fluid needs
- Carbohydrates: to spare body protein and avoid ketosis
- Small frequent feeding
- Position on side or semi-reclining to prevent aspiration
- Brush teeth/rinse mouth after vomiting to dilute HCl that comes in contact with teeth
Vomiting
- Forceful ejection of gastric contents through the mouth
- A well-defined, complex, coordinated process that is under central nervous system control and is often accompanied by nausea and retching
- Bilous type – implies d/o of motility of distal physical blockage
- Nonbilous type – majority bile drains into more distal portions of intestine
Acute Gastroenteritis/Diarrhea
- Inflammation of the stomach and intestines that may be accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea
- Rotavirus – leading cause in children
- Changing LOC (irritability to lethargy)
- Altered response to stimuli
Glomerulonephritis
- Kidney condition that involves damage/inflammation to the glomeruli
- Occurs most frequently in children (boys 6-7 y/o) and young adults
- Most clients recover spontaneously or with minimal therapy without sequelae
- Pathophysiology: deposition of antigen-antibody complex in glomerulus, thickening of the glomerular filtration membrane, scarring and loss of glomerular filtration membrane
Renal Disorders
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Hypoalbuminemia (3.5g/day)
- Hyperlipidemia
- Renal vein thrombosis
- Orbital edema
- Thromboembolism
- Infection (due to loss of Immunoglobulins in urine)
- Coagulability (due to loss of Antithrombin III in urine)
- Acute Renal Failure
- Initiation Phase
- Oliguric Phase
- Diuretic Phase
- Recovery Phase
- Chronic Renal Failure
- 2 types: acute and chronic
- Inability of the nephrons in the kidneys to maintain fluids and electrolytes, acid-base balance, excrete nitrogen waste products, and perform regulatory function
- 3 stages: reduced renal reserve, renal insufficiency, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Electrolytes
- Alterations in fluid volume affect the electrolyte component, and changes in electrolyte concentration influence fluid movement
- 4 main electrolytes: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl+), and magnesium (Mg+)
Acid-Base Balance
- Acidosis – pH below 7
- Alkalosis – pH above 7
- Blood pH – 7.35 to 7.45### Alterations in Fluid and Electrolytes/Acid-Base Balance
- Fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance are maintained by the GI system.
- Body water accounts for approximately:
- 75-80% of total body weight in infants
- 65-70% in children
- Body fluid is distributed in three compartments:
- Intracellular
- Interstitial
- Intravascular
Dehydration
- Etiology: not specified
- Categories: not specified
- Degree: not specified
- Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies: not specified
- Management: not specified
Acute Gastroenteritis/Diarrhea
- Classification: not specified
- Pathophysiology: not specified
- Assessment and Diagnostic Studies: not specified
- Nursing Management: not specified
This quiz focuses on the etiology and management of alterations in fluid and electrolytes, including acid-base balance. It covers the causes and treatment of fluid imbalance, such as insensible water loss and increased renal and GI excretion.
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