Medical Management of Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of alterations in fluid volume on electrolyte balance?

  • It only influences fluid movement
  • It has no effect on electrolyte balance
  • It only affects the electrolyte component
  • It affects the electrolyte component and influences fluid movement (correct)

    • Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by a pH below 7?

  • Acidosis (correct)
  • Electrolyte deficiency
  • Alkalosis
  • Electrolyte excess

    • What is the normal range of blood pH?

  • 7.20 to 7.40
  • 7.50 to 7.60
  • 7.35 to 7.45 (correct)
  • 6.95 to 7.15

    • What is the primary cause of electrolyte imbalance in renal disorders?

    <p>Disturbances in the ECF compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolytes is NOT one of the four main electrolytes?

    <p>Phosphorus (Ph+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of hydration therapy in patients with electrolyte imbalance?

    <p>To restore fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of vomiting related to electrolyte balance?

    <p>Electrolyte deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which renal disorder is characterized by an imbalance in the ICF compartment?

    <p>Nephrotic Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of oral rehydration therapy in the management of acute gastroenteritis?

    <p>Replace lost electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with severe vomiting is at risk of developing which electrolyte imbalance?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the body regulates acid-base balance?

    <p>Respiratory compensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with acute glomerulonephritis is at risk of developing which complication?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of hydration therapy in patients with acute gastroenteritis?

    <p>Replace lost fluids and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with chronic renal failure is at risk of developing which electrolyte imbalance?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of acute kidney injury in patients with gastroenteritis?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with nephrotic syndrome is at risk of developing which complication?

    <p>Renal vein thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of medical management in patients with acute renal failure?

    <p>Restore renal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with acid-base imbalance is at risk of developing which complication?

    <p>Respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total body weight is accounted for by body water in children?

    <p>65-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the GI system play a major role in maintaining balance?

    <p>Fluid and electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of hydration therapy in treating dehydration?

    <p>Replacing lost fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of dehydration?

    <p>Chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common laboratory diagnostic study used to diagnose electrolyte imbalance?

    <p>Electrolyte panel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of acid-base balance regulation?

    <p>Maintaining optimal pH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication of acute gastroenteritis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of nursing management for patients with acute gastroenteritis?

    <p>Fluid replacement therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Alterations in Fluid and Electrolytes / Acid-Base Balance

    Causes of Dehydration

    • Insensible water loss from skin and respiratory tract
    • Increased renal and GI excretion of fluids (vomiting, diarrhea)
    • Decreased intake of fluids
    • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
    • Burns

    Categories of Dehydration

    • Osmolality and serum sodium concentration
    • Laboratory and diagnostic studies: urinalysis, CBC, electrolyte studies, ABG, BUN, serum bicarbonate

    Nursing Management

    • Determine cause of vomiting
    • Thirst: most sensitive guide to fluid needs
    • Carbohydrates: to spare body protein and avoid ketosis
    • Small frequent feeding
    • Position on side or semi-reclining to prevent aspiration
    • Brush teeth/rinse mouth after vomiting to dilute HCl that comes in contact with teeth

    Vomiting

    • Forceful ejection of gastric contents through the mouth
    • A well-defined, complex, coordinated process that is under central nervous system control and is often accompanied by nausea and retching
    • Bilous type – implies d/o of motility of distal physical blockage
    • Nonbilous type – majority bile drains into more distal portions of intestine

    Acute Gastroenteritis/Diarrhea

    • Inflammation of the stomach and intestines that may be accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea
    • Rotavirus – leading cause in children
    • Changing LOC (irritability to lethargy)
    • Altered response to stimuli

    Glomerulonephritis

    • Kidney condition that involves damage/inflammation to the glomeruli
    • Occurs most frequently in children (boys 6-7 y/o) and young adults
    • Most clients recover spontaneously or with minimal therapy without sequelae
    • Pathophysiology: deposition of antigen-antibody complex in glomerulus, thickening of the glomerular filtration membrane, scarring and loss of glomerular filtration membrane

    Renal Disorders

    • Nephrotic Syndrome
      • Hypoalbuminemia (3.5g/day)
      • Hyperlipidemia
      • Renal vein thrombosis
      • Orbital edema
      • Thromboembolism
      • Infection (due to loss of Immunoglobulins in urine)
      • Coagulability (due to loss of Antithrombin III in urine)
    • Acute Renal Failure
      • Initiation Phase
      • Oliguric Phase
      • Diuretic Phase
      • Recovery Phase
    • Chronic Renal Failure
      • 2 types: acute and chronic
      • Inability of the nephrons in the kidneys to maintain fluids and electrolytes, acid-base balance, excrete nitrogen waste products, and perform regulatory function
      • 3 stages: reduced renal reserve, renal insufficiency, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

    Electrolytes

    • Alterations in fluid volume affect the electrolyte component, and changes in electrolyte concentration influence fluid movement
    • 4 main electrolytes: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl+), and magnesium (Mg+)

    Acid-Base Balance

    • Acidosis – pH below 7
    • Alkalosis – pH above 7
    • Blood pH – 7.35 to 7.45### Alterations in Fluid and Electrolytes/Acid-Base Balance
    • Fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance are maintained by the GI system.
    • Body water accounts for approximately:
      • 75-80% of total body weight in infants
      • 65-70% in children
    • Body fluid is distributed in three compartments:
      • Intracellular
      • Interstitial
      • Intravascular

    Dehydration

    • Etiology: not specified
    • Categories: not specified
    • Degree: not specified
    • Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies: not specified
    • Management: not specified

    Acute Gastroenteritis/Diarrhea

    • Classification: not specified
    • Pathophysiology: not specified
    • Assessment and Diagnostic Studies: not specified
    • Nursing Management: not specified

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the etiology and management of alterations in fluid and electrolytes, including acid-base balance. It covers the causes and treatment of fluid imbalance, such as insensible water loss and increased renal and GI excretion.

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