Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance Study Notes

<p>pH 7.30, CO2 48, HCO3 24 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle twitching and cramping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcoholism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administer calcium gluconate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drowsiness and lethargy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signs of respiratory failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind hydrogen ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bicarbonate (HCO3) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose, fat, and protein metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shallow and rapid breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest X-Ray (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracentesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated WBC count (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sedentary lifestyle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung biopsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antifibrotic drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing hypoventilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic cough with sputum production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bullae formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphysema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac arrhythmias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Droplet precautions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Daily weight measurement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 week (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loop diuretic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased swallowing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle weakness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum sodium level of 148 mEq/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administering fluid replacement without sodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypokalemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensuring that the patient has voided (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous push (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle weakness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BUN lab test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A sound heard during auscultation indicating inflammation of pleural membranes.

Excess fluid accumulation in the pleural space, more than 25ml is abnormal.

Collection of pus in the pleural space, often a complication of pneumonia.

Scarring and fibrosis of lung tissue, causing breathing problems.

An imaging test used to diagnose pleural effusion and other lung issues.

Ranges from 0 to 14; 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic.

First responders to maintain normal pH; examples include bicarbonate and hemoglobin.

Condition with decreased pH and increased CO2 due to hypoventilation.

Condition with decreased pH and decreased HCO3, often related to DKA and severe diarrhea.

Common symptoms include headache, changes in LOC, hypotension, and dyspnea.

Normal magnesium levels range from 1.5 to 2.5 mg/dL.

Causes include low magnesium intake, certain diuretics, and alcoholism.

Symptoms include hypertension, tachycardia, muscle cramping, and arrhythmias.

Hypermagnesemia is defined as serum magnesium levels above 2.5 mg/dL.

Caused by increased intake and decreased renal excretion, often in kidney failure.

Signs include muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, and respiratory failure.

Acids release hydrogen, while bases bind hydrogen. Bicarbonate is a common base.

Acids are formed from the metabolism of glucose, fat, and protein, and carbonic acid from CO2 and water.

Symptoms include headache, seizures, muscle weakness, and altered mental status due to fluid imbalance.

Symptoms include thirst, altered mental status, muscle tremors, and skeletal muscle weakness.

Occurs when sodium level is above 145 due to excess sodium or inadequate excretion from kidney failure.

Tests include serum osmolarity, BUN, urine specific gravity, and hematocrit to assess sodium levels.

Refers to low potassium levels (below 3.5) affecting muscle and heart functions.

Caused by inadequate intake, excessive losses via kidneys, or medications like potassium-wasting diuretics and steroids.

Include oral potassium supplements for mild cases and IV potassium for severe cases, educating on side effects.

Potassium must be given after the patient voids; avoid IV push to prevent cardiac arrest.

Symptoms include muscle weakness, cramps, and heart arrhythmias due to low potassium.

Patients should know triggers, medications, and rescue inhaler use for asthma management.

Best determinant is weight changes, reflecting fluid retention or loss.

Symptoms include increased swallowing, bright red blood, or frequent throat clearing.

Apply pressure on the nares for at least 10 minutes to control nasal bleeding.

Often causes hypocalcemia, resulting in low calcium levels.

Use cautiously in patients with hyperkalemia due to risk of respiratory depression.

Factors that contribute to pulmonary fibrosis, including genetics, viral illnesses, and environmental exposures.

Symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis include progressive shortness of breath, crackles, cough, fatigue, and clubbing of fingers.

Tests used to confirm pulmonary fibrosis, such as chest X-ray, CT scan, spirometry, and lung biopsy.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by narrowed airways and loss of alveolar elasticity, making breathing difficult.

A COPD condition diagnosed by symptoms present for at least 3 months in two consecutive years.

Collapse of alveoli commonly occurring in post-surgical patients due to hypoventilation and lack of deep breathing.

Treatment measures for pulmonary fibrosis including antifibrotic drugs, smoking cessation, and vaccines.