Medical Laboratory Physics - 1st Level Quiz

Understanding Electrical Properties in Medical Devices

• Electromagnetism is crucial for understanding electrical properties in medical devices.
• Electromagnetism deals with the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

Analyzing X-ray Images

• Electromagnetic radiation is essential for analyzing images generated by X-ray devices.
• Electromagnetic radiation refers to the propagation of energy in the form of waves.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses principles of magnetism to create images.
• MRI employs a strong magnetic field and radio waves to generate images.

### Basic Electricity in Medical Laboratory Applications

• Nuclear reactions are not typically associated with the study of basic electricity in medical laboratory applications, as they deal with atomic nuclei

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

• NMR primarily involves the alignment of nuclear spins in a magnetic field.
• NMR exploits the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei to produce images.

Scientific Notation for Concentration

• Parts per billion (ppb) is represented by the symbol ppb.

Part per Quadrillion

• Part per quadrillion (ppq) is represented by the value 10⁻¹⁵.

Using Percentage (%) Over Parts Per Hundred (pph)

• Use percentage (%) over parts per hundred (pph) when dealing with larger concentrations for better readability and easier comprehension.

Alternative Expression for Parts per Thousand (ppt)

• One thousandth (‰) is an alternative expression for parts per thousand (ppt), although less commonly used.

Representation of Part per Million (ppm)

• A common representation for part per million (ppm) is mg/L.

Pressure and Melting Point

• Increasing pressure increases the melting point of substances that expand upon melting.

Atomic Vibrations in Solids

• Transverse vibrations occur when atoms vibrate perpendicular to the bond direction.
• Transverse vibrations are a type of atomic motion in solids where the displacement of atoms is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

• The coefficient of thermal expansion indicates the change in length of a material per degree Celsius temperature change.

Melting Point under Pressure

• The melting point of substances that contract upon melting decreases when pressure is applied.

Thermal Energy Addition

• When thermal energy is added to a solid, the interatomic distance increases.
• Interatomic distance is directly related to the temperature and the energy of the atoms in the solid.

Minimum Potential Energy in Solids

• The minimum potential energy in a solid's structure is dependent on the bond length, also known as interatomic distance.

Atomic Vibrations and Thermal Energy

• Atomic vibrations contribute to the thermal energy in solids.
• Thermal energy in solids manifests as vibrations of the atoms around their equilibrium positions.

Amplitude of Atomic Vibrations and Temperature

• An increase in the amplitude of atomic vibrations indicates a higher temperature.
• The amplitude of atomic vibrations is directly proportional to the temperature of a material.

Components in a System with Ice, Water, and Vapour

• A system consisting of ice, water, and vapor has three components.
• Components refer to the chemically distinct species in a system.

Characteristics of a Univariant System

• A univariant system is characterized by having one degree of freedom.
• The degree of freedom indicates the number of intensive variables that can be independently varied while keeping the system in equilibrium.

Pressure and Boiling Point

• The boiling point of a substance increases as external pressure increases.
• Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes into a vapor under a specific pressure.

Degrees of Freedom in Phase System

• The degree of freedom (F) represents the number of intensive variables that can be changed independently without altering the number of phases present.
• Intensive variables are properties that do not depend on the size of the system, such as temperature and pressure.

Composition of Phases

• In a ternary system, the composition of each phase can be expressed using any two of the chemical species present.
• A ternary system is a system with three components.

Vapor Pressure

• Vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by the vapor in equilibrium with its condensed phase, which is the liquid or solid phase of a substance.

Gibbs Phase Rule

• The Gibbs phase rule is represented by the equation F = C - P + 2.
• F is the degree of freedom, C is the number of components, and P is the number of phases present in the system.

Sublimation Temperature and Pressure

• Sublimation temperature increases as pressure increases.
• Sublimation is the process of a solid changing directly into a vapor.

Phase Diagram

• A phase diagram primarily shows the relationship between the different phases of a substance at various pressures and temperatures.
• A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the phases of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure.

Triple Point

• The triple point on a phase diagram represents the coexistence of the solid, liquid, and vapor phases.
• Triple Point is the temperature and pressure condition at which the three phases of a substance coexist in a state of equilibrium.

Slope of OB Line in Pressure-Temperature Diagram

• The slope of the OB line in a pressure-temperature diagram for substances that expand upon solidification is negative.
• OB Line represents the equilibrium between solid and liquid phases.

Single Phase Areas in Phase Diagrams

• The three areas in a phase diagram that represent where only one phase exists are solid, liquid, and vapor phases.
• Phase Diagrams display regions where only one phase is stable, separated by boundaries indicating phase transitions.

Substances that Contract Upon Solidification

• Substances that contract upon solidification have a positive slope for the solid-liquid equilibrium line in a phase diagram.
• Solid-liquid equilibrium is represented by the line separating the solid and liquid phases.

Two-Phase System

• A solution of sugar in water is an example of a two-phase system.
• Two-phase systems contain two distinct phases, often separated by a clear interface.

Homogeneous, Physically Distinct Portion of a System

• Phase refers to a homogeneous, physically distinct portion of a system that can be separated by a bounding surface.
• Phases are distinct thermodynamically and spatially within a system.

Slope of OA and OC Lines

• The slope of OA and OC lines on pressure-temperature diagrams is positive.
• OA and OC Lines represent the equilibrium between the solid and vapor phases and the liquid and vapor phases, respectively.

Thermal Expansion

• η ηη, also known as the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, is a parameter used to measure the variation in a substance's volume due to temperature changes.

Volume Change Due to Thermal Expansion

• The volume change of a rectangular parallelepiped due to thermal expansion is expressed as ΔV = VβΔT.
• ΔV is the change in volume, V is the initial volume, β is the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

Volumetric and Linear Thermal Expansion

• The coefficient of volumetric expansion (η ηη) is three times the coefficient of linear expansion (α αα) for isotropic materials.
• Isotropic materials exhibit the same properties in all directions.

Relationship Between Change in Linear Dimensions and Temperature Change

• The relationship between the change in linear dimensions and temperature change is described by the equation ΔL = LαΔT.
• ΔL is the change in length, L is the original length, α is the coefficient of linear expansion, and ΔT is the temperature change.

Coefficient of Linear Expansion (α αα)

• The coefficient of linear expansion (α αα) is defined as the fractional change in length per unit change in temperature.
• Coefficient of linear expansion quantifies the extent to which a material extends or contracts in length per degree Celsius change.

Change in Area Due to Temperature Change

• The change in area (A) for a rectangular object due to temperature change is expressed as ΔA = 2AαΔT.
• ΔA represents the change in area, A is the original area, α is the coefficient of linear expansion, and ΔT is the temperature change.

Fractional Change in Area Due to Linear Expansion

• If an object expands linearly by α αα per degree increase in temperature, the fractional change in area would be 2αΔT.
• Fractional change in area is the ratio of the change in area to the original area.

Change in Area in Relation to Temperature Change

• The change in area in relation to temperature change is defined by the expression ΔA = AβΔT.
• ΔA represents the change in area, A is the initial area, β is the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, and ΔT is the temperature change.