Medical Interventions Unit 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a subunit vaccine?

  • To induce a mild disease to promote immunity
  • To contain whole inactivated pathogens
  • To provide immediate immunity through antibodies
  • To elicit an immune response using specific proteins (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a method through which bacterial plasmids can be transmitted?

  • Transduction
  • Fission (correct)
  • Conjugation
  • Transformation

How do conjugate vaccines work?

  • By introducing live attenuated viruses into the body
  • By using antibiotics to prevent infection
  • By using weakened pathogens to stimulate the immune system
  • By combining pieces from bacterial coats with a carrier protein (correct)

What characteristic is true regarding bacterial plasmids?

<p>They can provide quality of life updates to bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Gram positive bacteria from Gram negative bacteria?

<p>Thick layer of peptidoglycan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class is primarily effective due to its action on cell wall synthesis?

<p>Beta-lactams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key action mechanism of Tetracyclines in combating bacterial growth?

<p>Inhibiting the 30S ribosomal subunit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluoroquinolones are known for which of the following actions?

<p>Inhibiting DNA replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason Gram negative bacteria are more difficult to treat with antibiotics?

<p>Two membranes including an outer membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics acts by inhibiting folate synthesis?

<p>Sulfadiazine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Alexander Fleming discover?

<p>Penicillin via mold (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Gram positive bacteria is true?

<p>They are more susceptible to antibiotics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classes does not typically kill bacteria but instead prevents their growth?

<p>Fluoroquinolones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of antibiotic resistance involves bacteria physically transferring plasmids?

<p>Conjugation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

<p>To amplify a specific DNA sequence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of hearing loss is characterized as a mechanical failure in the middle or outer ear?

<p>Conductive hearing loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Cycle Sequencing?

<p>It uses DDNTPs and can determine specific DNA sequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibody is known for its role in allergic reactions?

<p>IgE (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of efflux in bacterial antibiotic resistance?

<p>Export antibiotics out of the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hearing loss is primarily associated with issues in the inner ear or auditory nerve?

<p>Sensorineural hearing loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ELISA stand for?

<p>Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are commonly associated with meningitis?

<p>Fatigue and headache (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria share antibiotic resistance genes through transformation?

<p>By absorbing plasmids from the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of an antibody identifies it as self?

<p>Constant region (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What graphical tool is used to represent an individual's hearing capabilities across pitches and tones?

<p>Audiogram (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of untreated meningitis?

<p>Fatality if not treated quickly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic transmission involves a bacteriophage?

<p>Transduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are responsible for the creation of immunoglobulins?

<p>B cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of test is a typical pregnancy test designed to identify?

<p>HcG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT a common shape of bacteria?

<p>Helix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Gram staining?

<p>To differentiate bacteria based on cell wall structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of Gram-negative bacteria's outer membrane can lead to septic shock?

<p>O antigen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes endotoxins?

<p>Only released upon cell death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is false regarding lipopolysaccharides (LPS)?

<p>Immunoglobulins target LPS for destruction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Gram-negative bacteria generally harder to treat than Gram-positive bacteria?

<p>They possess a second outer membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indicator of conductive hearing loss on an audiogram?

<p>Bone conduction being 10+ decibels higher than air conduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines is classified as a live-attenuated vaccine?

<p>MMR vaccine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an inactivated or killed vaccine initiate an immune response?

<p>By destroying the pathogen's ability to replicate while keeping it intact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a toxoid vaccine?

<p>Diphtheria vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When analyzing an audiogram, what does the slope of the lines represent?

<p>The frequency range of the sound (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine type is created using heat or chemicals to destroy a pathogen’s ability to replicate?

<p>Inactivated or killed vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine uses only pieces of the pathogen to achieve an immune response?

<p>Subunit vaccine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient shows Moderate sensorineural hearing loss at all frequencies, how is this diagnosed?

<p>By comparing air conduction to bone conduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antibiotic

A type of antimicrobial substance that targets bacteria.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A chemical compound present in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which plays a role in toxicity and immune response.

Peptidoglycan

A bacterial cell wall structure that is thicker and more prevalent in Gram-positive bacteria.

Beta-Lactams

A class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.

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Lysis

The process of breaking down and destroying a bacterial cell, often caused by antibiotics targeting its cell wall.

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Tetracyclines

A class of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the 30S ribosomal subunit in bacteria.

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Fluoroquinolones

A class of antibiotics that disrupt DNA replication by inhibiting DNA gyrase or Topoisomerase IV, essential enzymes for bacterial DNA.

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Sulfonamids

A class of antibiotics that inhibit folate synthesis, a crucial process for bacteria to produce nucleotides.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A technique that creates millions or billions of copies of a specific DNA sequence from a sample. All resulting copies are the same length and sequence.

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Cycle Sequencing (Sanger Sequencing)

A technique used to determine the exact sequence of a DNA sample. It uses fluorescent dyes to mark specific bases and creates fragments of varying lengths.

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Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by various infections like viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

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Immunoglobulins (Antibodies)

Proteins produced by B cells in the immune system. They recognize and neutralize pathogens. Composed of a constant region (heavy chain) and a variable region (light chain) that is specific to a particular antigen.

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ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)

A laboratory method that uses antibodies to detect the presence of a specific target molecule in a sample. Results in a color change indicating the presence of the target.

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Constant Region of an Antibody

The region of an antibody that determines its class, like IgA, IgG, or IgM.

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Variable Region of an Antibody

The region of an antibody that binds specifically to a particular antigen.

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IgM Antibody

A type of immunoglobulin that is the first responder in the immune system. Found in the blood.

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Gram staining

A method used to differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall structure into Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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Gram-positive bacteria

A type of bacterium with a single cell membrane, a thick layer of peptidoglycan, and often a capsule. These bacteria are typically easier to treat with antibiotics.

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Gram-negative bacteria

A type of bacterium with an inner membrane, a thin layer of peptidoglycan, an outer membrane containing LPS, and often a capsule. They are often more resistant to antibiotics.

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Endotoxin

A toxin that is held within or on the bacterium and is typically released upon cell death.

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Exotoxin

A toxin that is released by the bacterium into its environment.

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Cocci

Spherical shaped bacteria.

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Bacillus

Rod shaped bacteria.

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Conductive hearing loss

The loss of hearing caused by a problem in the middle or outer ear, preventing proper vibration transmission.

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Sensorineural hearing loss

A type of hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear, auditory nerve, or other nervous system components.

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Audiogram

A visual representation of hearing ability across different pitches and tones, often using red and blue lines to represent each ear.

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Mutation in bacteria

A change in a bacterium's DNA that makes it resistant to a specific antibiotic.

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Inactivation of antibiotics

A mechanism where bacteria produce proteins that inactivate incoming antibiotics.

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Efflux mechanism

A bacterial mechanism that pumps antibiotics out of the cell, preventing their action.

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Conjugation

The direct transfer of genetic material between bacteria through physical contact.

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Transduction

The transfer of genetic material between bacteria through a virus, called a bacteriophage.

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Hearing threshold

A measure of how loud a sound needs to be for a person to hear it.

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Live-attenuated vaccine

A vaccine that uses a weakened version of the disease-causing virus.

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Inactivated vaccine

A vaccine that uses a killed version of the disease-causing virus.

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Subunit vaccine

A vaccine that uses a part of the disease-causing pathogen, such as a protein or toxin.

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Toxoid vaccine

A vaccine that uses a harmless form of the toxin produced by a bacteria.

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Conjugate Vaccine

This type of vaccine combines a weakened or inactivated part of a pathogen with a carrier protein, enhancing the immune response.

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Bacterial Plasmids

They are circular structures of DNA found separate from the main genome of bacteria. They don't contain essential genes for life but can provide beneficial traits.

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Transformation

A method where bacteria take up naked DNA from the environment, potentially gaining new genes.

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Study Notes

Medical Interventions Unit 1

  • Unit 1 focuses on a campus-wide pathogen outbreak. Students will identify and contain the pathogen, and develop treatment guidelines.
  • The unit will include lessons covering: infection identification, antibiotic treatment, hearing loss (as a potential consequence of infection treatment), and vaccination strategies to combat the pathogen.
  • Unit 1 concludes with an exam after the completion of section 1.4 (vaccination).

PCR vs. Cycle Sequencing (Sanger)

  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) creates millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sequence/sample.
  • Cycle Sequencing, using electrophoresis, determines the sequence of DNA based on the length of the product from PCR.
  • PCR is often performed before cycle sequencing, products from PCR are the same length and sequence.
  • Cycle sequencing products differ in length based on the original sample.
  • Cycle sequencing uses ddNTPs and fluorescent dyes to identify specific DNA bases.

Meningitis

  • Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
  • Causes include viral, bacterial, and fungal infections.
  • Symptoms: fatigue, headaches/confusion, stiff neck, vomiting, and fever.
  • Meningitis can be fatal if left untreated.

ELISA & The Immune System

  • ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) uses antibodies to detect the presence of a target (antigen, antibody, or hormone) and produces a color change.
  • ELISA is used in various tests, such as pregnancy tests.
  • The intensity of the color change gives a quantitative measure of the target's concentration.
  • Steps: Patient sample/target, Primary antibody, Secondary antibody with Enzyme, Substrate to produce a color change.
  • Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are produced by B cells and neutralize pathogens.
  • Antibodies have constant regions (indicating self) and variable regions (specific to an antigen).
  • Humans have 5 antibody classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM), each with specific functions.

Bacteria & Antibiotics

  • Bacteria are single-celled organisms with various shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, vibrio).
  • Gram staining differentiates bacteria based on cell wall properties (positive (+) or negative (-) based on thick/thin peptidoglycan cell wall).
  • Gram staining is the initial step for identifying bacterial strains.
  • Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls. Gram negative have a thin peptidoglycan layer, and an outer membrane containing Lipopolysaccharides.
  • Gram-positive bacteria are typically easier to treat with antibiotics.
  • Gram-negative bacteria's outer membranes are more complex, making treatment more difficult.
  • Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and called endotoxins.
  • They are released when the cell dies.

Antibiotics

  • Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances that target bacteria.
  • Four classes are studied: Beta-lactams, Tetracyclines, Fluoroquinolones and Sulfonamides.
  • Beta-lactams: Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidase.
  • Tetracyclines: Disrupt bacterial growth and proliferation by inhibiting 30S ribosome subunits.
  • Fluoroquinolones: Inhibit bacterial DNA replication by inhibiting DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase).
  • Sulfonamides: Inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme DHPS.

Antibiotic Resistance

  • Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria become unresponsive to a specific antibiotic, through mutation, inactivation, or efflux mechanisms.
  • Mutation: Change in DNA sequence (target changes).
  • Inactivation: Production of proteins (enzymes) that inactivate the antibiotic.
  • Efflux: Channels that help bacteria pump the antibiotic out of the cell.

Modes of Genetic Transmission

  • Bacteria share antibiotic resistance genes through plasmids that are transferred through conjugation, transformation and transduction methods.
  • Conjugation: Physical contact between bacteria through pilli.
  • Transformation: Naked DNA in the environment endocytosed by the bacterium.
  • Transduction: Transfer of genetic material by a bacteriophage.

Hearing Loss

  • Hearing loss can be conductive (problem with sound waves reaching the inner ear) or sensorineural (inner ear or nerve damage). This unit explains the anatomy of the ear including how sound travels through the structures and the causes of these kinds of hearing loss.

Audiograms

  • Audiograms graphically represent hearing ability across different frequencies.
  • Sensorineural hearing loss is indicated by sloping lines on the audiogram, and conductive by a gap between bone and air conduction.
  • Audiograms show hearing loss as decibel (dB) loss corresponding to frequency in Hertz (Hz).
  • Audiologists analyze audiogram patterns to find the source and severity of hearing loss

Vaccinations

  • Vaccination strategies to combat a pathogen, including Live-attenuated, Inactivated/Killed and Toxoid.
  • Live-attenuated vaccines use a weakened form of a virus.
  • Inactivated/Killed vaccines utilize inactivated pathogens to induce an immune response.
  • Toxoid vaccines use inactivated bacterial toxins to build immunity.

Bacterial Plasmids

  • Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria, separate from their chromosomes.
  • They are not essential for bacterial survival but contain beneficial genes, such as antibiotic resistance genes.
  • Plasmids replicate independently, allowing them to spread and be transferred to other bacteria (conjugation, transformation, transduction).

Exam 1 Details

  • Exam 1: October 16th–17th.
  • Exam will cover concepts and specifics from unit 1- to be clarified based on the specific unit material.
  • The exam will be a summative assessment (100 points).
  • Students have the full class period for the exam.

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Medical Interventions Unit 1 Slides PDF

Description

Unit 1 explores a campus-wide pathogen outbreak where students will identify, contain, and develop treatment guidelines for the pathogen. The lessons cover infection identification, antibiotic treatment, consequences of treatments, and vaccination strategies. The unit will culminate in an exam after section 1.4 on vaccination.

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