Medical Instrumentation Quiz

A type of transistor that controls the flow of current between its drain and source terminals using a gate voltage.

A MOSFET where the flow of current is controlled by a positive gate voltage relative to the source.

A MOSFET where the flow of current is controlled by a negative gate voltage relative to the source.

A logic circuit that utilizes complementary pairs of n-channel and p-channel MOSFETs to create outputs that are the opposite of the input.

A logic circuit that uses complementary pairs of MOSFETs to produce a LOW output only when both inputs are HIGH.

A logic circuit that uses complementary pairs of MOSFETs to produce a HIGH output only when both inputs are LOW.

The state where a MOSFET allows current to flow through its channel when a certain gate voltage is applied.

The state where a MOSFET blocks current flow because the gate voltage is insufficient.

The range of input voltages that are considered a logical 0 (LOW) for a CMOS circuit. For a 5V logic circuit, this range is 0V to 1.5V. For a 3.3V logic circuit, this range is 0V to 0.8V.

The range of input voltages that are considered a logical 1 (HIGH) for a CMOS circuit. For a 5V logic circuit, this range is 3.5V to 5V. For a 3.3V logic circuit, this range is 2V to 3.3V.

The range of voltages that are outside the acceptable limits for VIL and VIH. These values result in unpredictable behavior and should be avoided.

The minimum guaranteed output voltage for a HIGH (logical 1) output. This voltage is greater than the minimum HIGH input voltage (VIH).

The maximum guaranteed output voltage for a LOW (logical 0) output. This voltage is less than the maximum LOW input voltage (VIL).

An unwanted voltage that can disrupt the proper functioning of a circuit.

The ability of a circuit to tolerate noise without malfunctioning. This is achieved by making sure the difference between the HIGH and LOW voltage thresholds is large enough to prevent noise from being misinterpreted.

The voltage levels used by TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) circuits. Similar to CMOS, there are input and output voltage levels (VIL, VIH, VOL, and VOH).

The maximum number of inputs or loads that a digital gate can drive without affecting its correct operation.

The maximum current that a logic gate can source (drive high) to a load.

The maximum current that a logic gate can sink (drive low) from a load.

The maximum current required by a logic gate input to maintain a HIGH logic level.

The maximum current required by a logic gate input to maintain a LOW logic level.

The ratio of the maximum output current (IOH or IOL) to the maximum input current (IIH or IIL) determines the fan-out capability of a gate.

A type of logic gate where the output is connected to a common point, creating a logical AND operation for multiple inputs. The output is active low.

A logic gate type where the output transistor is not connected to a fixed voltage, but left open. Requires an external pull-up resistor.

A device that converts a physical quantity (e.g., temperature, pressure, light) into an electrical signal that can be measured and processed by a computer.

A signal that varies continuously over time, representing a physical quantity.

A signal that represents information using discrete values (0 or 1).

A device that converts an analog signal into a digital signal.

The process of modifying an electrical signal to make it suitable for use by an analog input board.

A signal conditioning technique that amplifies the voltage or current of a signal, making it stronger.

A signal conditioning technique that removes unwanted noise or interference from a signal.

The process of acquiring and converting analog or digital data from the real world into a format that can be processed by a computer.

Data is transmitted one bit at a time over a single connection. It's simpler and less expensive than parallel transmission.

Data transmission over multiple wires, each carrying a bit of data. This is efficient for short distances but requires more wires and cost.

The rate at which data is transmitted, measured in bits per second (bps).

The time it takes to transmit a single bit of data.

Parallel buses are used in computers for connecting components like the microprocessor to memory or I/O chips.

Transmission distances are limited due to signal degradation, making them suitable for short connections like those within a PC board or on short cables.

A serial transmission technique where data is sent over two wires, one for the signal and the other for ground, minimizing interference.

A connection type optimized for high data transfer rates and long distances, often used for internet connections, using optical fibers.

Quantities that are measured in a medical instrumentation system, including biopotential, pressure, flow, dimensions (imaging), displacement, impedance, temperature, and chemical concentration.

A generalized system encompasses various elements like sensors, signal conditioners, processors, and output devices to acquire, process, and display signals. This system can be used for diverse applications like pressure monitoring, ECG, EEG, EMG, and respiratory rate measurement.

A sensor converts a physical parameter into an electrical signal, which can then be processed by the instrumentation system. Examples include flowmeters, strain gauges, and skin electrodes.

Blood flow, arterial blood pressure, ECG, EEG, EMG, and respiratory rate are important parameters used in medical practice.

Biosignals can be classified into different types based on their origin and nature, such as biopotential signals (like ECG, EMG), mechanical signals (like pressure, flow), and chemical signals (like blood glucose).

Biopotential signals originate from the electrical activity of the body, like the heart (ECG), brain (EEG), and muscles (EMG). They're measured in volts or millivolts.

Mechanical signals are generated by physical forces and movements, like pressure, flow, and displacement. Examples include blood pressure, respiratory rate, and joint movement.

Chemical signals represent the concentration of specific substances in the body fluids, like blood glucose, blood oxygen level, and pH. These signals are typically measured in units of concentration, for example, mg/dl.