Medical Imaging Techniques Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which plane of section divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

  • Sagittal
  • Coronal (correct)
  • Axial
  • Longitudinal

Computerized Tomography (CT) scans are particularly useful in diagnosing which of the following conditions?

  • Head trauma and hemorrhage (correct)
  • Subtle soft tissue injuries
  • Neurodegenerative diseases
  • Cerebrovascular accidents

What is the primary purpose of injecting a contrast material, such as iodine, during a CT scan?

  • To reduce the patient's radiation exposure
  • To improve the resolution of bone structures
  • To enhance the visualization of blood vessels and soft tissues (correct)
  • To decrease the scan time and improve patient comfort

According to Hounsfield units, which of the following substances has the highest density in a typical CT scan?

<p>Bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is particularly well-suited for diagnosing which type of condition?

<p>Neurodegenerative diseases and cerebrovascular accidents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between T1 and T2 relaxation times in MRI?

<p>T1 measures vertical spin relaxation, while T2 measures horizontal spin relaxation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In medical imaging, which of the following statements accurately describes the characteristics of T1 and T2 weighted images?

<p>T1 images offer the best resolution, while T2 images provide the best contrast. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental principle behind Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI)?

<p>It detects changes in image intensity due to differing magnetic properties of oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin, reflecting blood flow changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, which brain areas are typically studied using BOLD fMRI in the context of language and sensory/motor tasks?

<p>Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas for language; Post-central gyrus for somatosensory cortex. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method employed in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) to study brain function?

<p>Introducing radioactively tagged substances to observe metabolic activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the course materials and announcements primarily located for Clinical Neuroscience (BIOL 4460/5560) and related courses?

<p>The META COURSE Moodle site encompassing all course listings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sequences accurately represents the modules covered in this Clinical Neuroscience course?

<p>Neurobiology, Neuroanatomy, Systems Neuroscience I, Systems Neuroscience II. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Brainstem' is described as comprising which set of structures within the Central Nervous System?

<p>Midbrain, pons, and medulla. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary grading structure for this Clinical Neuroscience course?

<p>Module-based exams and reading quizzes, without a cumulative final exam. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the examinations in this course?

<p>Each module has its own exam, and there is no cumulative final exam. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a primary emphasis within the Clinical Neuroscience course?

<p>Pharmacology of neural drugs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists exclusively components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

<p>Cerebrum, thalamus, spinal cord. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stated purpose of the 'Objectives' provided for each module in this course?

<p>To serve as a study guide outlining vocabulary and concepts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT) is characterized by which of the following trade-offs?

<p>Greater diversity of isotopes for studying specific events, but reduced spatial resolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'trigger zone' of a neuron, critical for action potential initiation, is primarily composed of which structures?

<p>Axon hillock and initial segment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuronal morphology is characterized by a single process extending from the cell body that then branches into two, resembling a 'T' shape?

<p>Unipolar (or pseudo-unipolar) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beyond structural support, cytoskeletal elements within neurons play a crucial role in which of the following functions?

<p>Intracellular transport and signal transduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rough endoplasmic reticulum's (ER) primary function in neurons is directly related to the synthesis of which class of molecules essential for neuronal communication?

<p>Proteins, including receptors and enzymes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the neuronal plasma membrane in facilitating rapid communication within the nervous system?

<p>Enabling electrical signaling along neurites. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-gated ion channels, crucial for maintaining resting membrane potential, are characterized by which property?

<p>Being permanently open, allowing ions to flow across the membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors differ primarily in their mechanism of signal transduction. What is the hallmark of ionotropic receptor action?

<p>Directly gating ion channels upon ligand binding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is most directly involved in the anterograde and retrograde transport of vesicles and organelles within the neuron?

<p>Microtubules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the soma (cell body). What is the subsequent step for neurotransmitters synthesized in the soma before release at the synapse?

<p>Encapsulation into vesicles and transport to axon terminals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which initial symptom was reported during the patient's first episode, as described in the clinical history?

<p>Moderate left-sided weakness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging modality was used to visualize the abnormal signals in the peri-ventricular white matter and spinal cord?

<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the MRI of the head, where were the abnormal signals indicative of multiple sclerosis primarily located?

<p>Peri-ventricular white matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gross coronal section of the brain in multiple sclerosis reveals plaques characterized by what macroscopic feature?

<p>Gray, gelatinous discoloration in white matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The variable nature of signs and symptoms in multiple sclerosis is best explained by which pathological characteristic of the disease?

<p>Random distribution of plaques in the brain and spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which later symptom developed by the patient, approximately two years after the initial episode, is directly associated with optic nerve involvement in multiple sclerosis?

<p>Abrupt loss of vision in one eye (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the histological image of a chronic MS plaque, which staining method is used to specifically highlight myelin in normal tissue as black?

<p>Luxol fast blue stain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The arrows in the spinal cord myelin stain image point to tracts compromised in chronic MS. Damage to which tracts would most directly correlate with the patient's reported loss of vibratory and position sense?

<p>Dorsal columns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which glial cell type is primarily responsible for the uptake of extracellular potassium ions and released neurotransmitters in the central nervous system?

<p>Astrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of myelin produced by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

<p>To enhance the speed of action potential conduction through saltatory conduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytoskeletal element is characterized as the 'architectural cytoskeleton' and composed of intermediate 10 nm filaments?

<p>Neurofilaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motor protein is primarily responsible for retrograde axonal transport, moving cellular materials towards the soma?

<p>Dynein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately distinguishes between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells based on their myelination function?

<p>Oligodendrocytes myelinate neurons in the central nervous system, while Schwann cells myelinate neurons in the peripheral nervous system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do microglia play within the central nervous system?

<p>Serving as resident tissue phagocytes to scavenge debris and respond to injury or infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is primarily induced by the 'end feet' of which type of glial cell?

<p>Astrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of glial cell tumors, which of the following tumors originates from astrocytes?

<p>Astrocytoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and the spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The network of nerves that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into left and right halves.

Coronal Plane

A plane that divides the body into front and back halves.

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Axial Plane

A plane that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

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MRI

A type of imaging that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain.

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CT Scan

A type of imaging that uses X-rays to create images of the brain.

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Brainstem

The group of structures in the brainstem that includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla.

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Peripheral Nervous System

The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, including nerves and ganglia.

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Spinal Nerves

Nerves that connect the spinal cord to the rest of the body.

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Autonomic Nerves

Nerves that control involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

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Computerized Tomography (CT Scan)

A medical imaging technique that uses X-rays to create detailed images of the inside of the body.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the inside of the body, especially the brain.

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T2 Relaxation Time

The time it takes for a tissue's magnetic signal to decay horizontally, indicating how quickly water molecules lose their alignment with the magnetic field.

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T1 Relaxation Time

The time it takes for a tissue's magnetic signal to decay vertically, indicating how quickly water molecules align with the magnetic field.

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T2-Weighted MRI

A type of MRI scan that best captures tissue contrast, especially useful for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the cerebrospinal fluid.

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T1-Weighted MRI

A type of MRI scan that provides a detailed view of tissue structure, particularly useful for visualizing brain anatomy.

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BOLD fMRI

A technique that uses the magnetic properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to map brain activity.

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Neuron

The functional unit of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals.

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Dendrites

Branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

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Soma

The central part of a neuron containing the nucleus and other organelles.

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Axon

A long, slender projection of a neuron that transmits signals to other neurons or target cells.

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Axon Hillock

The region where an axon originates from the soma, also known as the spike initiation zone.

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Myelin Sheath

An insulating layer wrapped around the axon of some neurons, speeding up signal transmission.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath, where the signal is regenerated.

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Axon Terminal

The end of the axon, where signals are transmitted to other neurons or target cells.

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Synaptic Boutons

Tiny, bulb-shaped structures at the end of the axon terminal that contain neurotransmitters.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse from one neuron to another.

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Glial Cells

Specialized cells that support and protect neurons in the nervous system. They provide structural support, insulation, and nutrient supply.

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Oligodendrocytes

A specialized type of glial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS) that produces myelin, a fatty substance that insulates axons and speeds up nerve impulse transmission. Oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple axons.

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Schwann Cells

A specialized type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that produces myelin, a fatty substance that insulates axons and speeds up nerve impulse transmission. Schwann cells myelinate a single axon.

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Astrocytes

A type of glial cell found in the CNS that provides structural support, regulates the extracellular environment, and plays a role in the blood-brain barrier. They also take up excess neurotransmitters and regulate potassium levels.

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Anterograde Transport

The process of axonal transport moving cargo towards the axon terminal, like neurotransmitters and proteins.

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Retrograde Transport

The process of axonal transport moving cargo back towards the cell body, like recycling materials and signaling molecules.

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What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A disorder characterized by inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) causing demyelination, which disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses.

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How do MS plaques appear on MRI scans?

Areas of demyelination in the brain, usually appearing as gray, soft plaques, can be identified on MRIs.

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How does demyelination in the brain affect nerve function?

The loss of myelin in the CNS disrupts the normal flow of nerve impulses, leading to a wide range of neurological symptoms.

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What is a common neurological symptom of MS?

A common symptom of MS is progressive weakness, typically affecting one side of the body more than the other.

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How does MS affect the spinal cord?

Spinal cord involvement in MS can lead to loss of vibratory and position sense, a condition known as sensory ataxia.

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What is a common symptom of MS affecting vision?

Optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve, is a common manifestation of MS, often leading to sudden vision loss.

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How does MS typically progress?

The course of MS is variable, with periods of remission and relapse, making it difficult to predict the progression of the disease.

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How is MS treated?

While there is no cure for MS, treatment options are available to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.

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Study Notes

Lecture 011425

  • Course Description: Includes lectures, objectives, exams, grading, and a Moodle website.
  • Divisions and Orientation: Covers CNS and PNS, and planes of section.
  • Imaging: Discusses anatomical views (MRI, CT) and functional views (PET, f-MRI).
  • Cells of the Nervous System: Details neurons and glial cells, including a case study on multiple sclerosis.

Course Information

  • Moodle: A single site for all course listings (lecture and lab) for BIOL 4460/5560, PT 5502, OT 5502 01 02: Clinical Neuroscience and BIOL 4415L/5515L Human Neurobiology Lab, Spring 2025.
  • Syllabus: Includes course description and links to recorded lectures and announcements.
  • Weekly Posts: PowerPoint slides in PDF format, posted before class.
  • Objectives: Goals for each module, presenting vocabulary and concepts relevant to the goal.
  • Laboratories: Objectives and Atlas images are useful supplemental material for the second module (neuroanatomy).
  • Reading Quizzes: 10 quizzes total, worth 50 points each, open-book, due by class time. Missed quizzes can be replaced with a student-generated quiz for 50% credit.

Examinations

  • Exam Structure: One exam per module (100 points), non-cumulative final (4th midterm exam).
  • Remediation: Opportunity for Exam ONE only, up to 75%.
  • Modules:
  • Neurobiology: Neurophysiology and Development.
  • Neuroanatomy: Regional neuroanatomy and pathways.
  • Systems Neuroscience I: Sensory neurobiology, pathways.
  • Systems Neuroscience II: Motor and integrative neurobiology, pathways.
  • Emphases: Mechanisms, pathways, pathology, and case studies.

Basic Divisions of Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla, and spinal cord. Brainstem is comprised of midbrain, pons, and medulla.
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes spinal nerves and autonomic nerves.

Planes of Section

  • Sagittal: Midline, longitudinal axis.
  • Axial: Horizontal, separates top from bottom.
  • Coronal: Perpendicular to the long axis.

Neural Imaging

  • Computed Tomography (CT) Scans:
  • X-ray beam rotated around the patient.
  • Tomography (multiple views) allow visualization of differing tissues (air, blood, bone, and brain) densities.
  • "Scout" images help assemble a 3D image.

Typical CT scan

  • Density Units: Air (-800), water (0), brain matter (35), bone (1200).

Contrast Enhanced CT scan

  • Contrast Material: Iodine injection into femoral artery.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

  • Principle: Uses radio waves and a magnetic field to image tissues.
  • T1: Measures horizontal spin relaxation.
  • T2: Measures vertical spin relaxation.

BOLD fMRI

  • Blood Oxygen Level Dependent: Measures blood flow changes in the brain based on oxygen usage.
  • oxy-hemoglobin/deoxy-hemoglobin: Difference in MRI signal.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Introduce radioactively tagged substances into the brain to detect emitted gamma rays for glucose metabolism and blood flow changes

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

Increased isotopic diversity for specific event study (less spatial resolution).

Neuron Morphology and Functionality

  • Neurons - Functional Morphology: Includes input, trigger, propagation, and output zones.
  • Neurophysiology - Module I: Discusses plasma membrane, dendritic arbor, axon hillock, and axonal terminals.
  • Proteins, Pumps, and Channels: Includes sodium-potassium pumps, calcium pumps, and ion channels for electrical gradients, along with synaptic proteins.

Glial Cell Morphology & Functionality

  • Microglia: Resident phagocytes, respond to injury and infection, removing debris.
  • Macroglia: CNS: oligodendrocytes and astrocytes; PNS: Schwann cells
  • Gliosis: Reactive proliferation, in response to injury or damage.
  • Glial Cell Tumors: Includes astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendrocytoma, ependymoma, and schwannoma.
  • Glial Cell Functions: Astrocytes play crucial roles in potassium uptake, neurotransmitter cleanup, and blood-brain barrier modulation. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells produce myelin, essential for fast neural conduction.

Axonal Trafficking

  • Methods of transport along axons: anterograde (kinesin) and retrograde (dynein).

Case Study: Multiple Sclerosis

  • Symptoms: Weakness, numbness, tingling, loss of vibratory and position sense, vision loss, tremor, dysarthria, and double vision.
  • Diagnosis: MRI scans reveal abnormal signal in peri-ventricular white matter and spinal cord, with plaque de-myelination.
  • Treatment: Corticosteroids to address symptoms.

Brain, Multiple Sclerosis - MRI

  • MRI Scans: Depict abnormal signal areas in periventricular white matter, characteristic of multiple sclerosis.

Brain, Multiple Sclerosis - Gross

  • Gross Anatomy: White matter shows multiple gray, gelatinous plaques corresponding to demyelination sites. Plaque distribution varies

Brain, Chronic Multiple Sclerosis

  • Gross Anatomy (High Power): Images illustrating MS plaque.
  • Spinal Cord (Low Power): Shows tracts compromised and myelin loss.

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Lecture 011425 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on various medical imaging techniques, including CT scans, MRI, and PET. This quiz covers key concepts such as anatomical planes, the use of contrast materials, and the distinctions between different types of imaging. Ideal for students in medical or health-related fields.

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