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Questions and Answers
What imaging technique is often considered a screening tool for bowel obstructions?
What imaging technique is often considered a screening tool for bowel obstructions?
- AXR (abdominal x-ray) (correct)
- Ultrasound
- MRI
- CT scan
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a Colles fracture?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a Colles fracture?
- Bilateral wrist fractures
- Rotation of the radius
- Distal radius fracture with dorsal angulation (correct)
- Fracture of the ulna
What is the primary cause of small bowel obstructions?
What is the primary cause of small bowel obstructions?
- Adhesions (correct)
- Fractures
- Pneumothorax
- Osteoarthritis
What distinguishes a greenstick fracture from other types of fractures?
What distinguishes a greenstick fracture from other types of fractures?
Which of the following best describes an avulsion fracture?
Which of the following best describes an avulsion fracture?
Which treatment option may be implemented following an open reduction/internal fixation (ORIF)?
Which treatment option may be implemented following an open reduction/internal fixation (ORIF)?
Which imaging finding is commonly associated with pneumonia?
Which imaging finding is commonly associated with pneumonia?
What is the typical radiographic appearance of an acute fracture?
What is the typical radiographic appearance of an acute fracture?
Which of the following is a complication associated with gallstones?
Which of the following is a complication associated with gallstones?
What type of fracture is associated with the term 'dinner fork deformity'?
What type of fracture is associated with the term 'dinner fork deformity'?
What radiographic feature indicates pneumonia in an X-ray image?
What radiographic feature indicates pneumonia in an X-ray image?
Which condition is suggested by the presence of a hypodense area in the left lung on an X-ray?
Which condition is suggested by the presence of a hypodense area in the left lung on an X-ray?
What is a distinguishing feature of kidney stones imaged radiographically?
What is a distinguishing feature of kidney stones imaged radiographically?
Which of the following best describes a 'Staghorn calculus'?
Which of the following best describes a 'Staghorn calculus'?
What is the primary radiographic appearance of gallstones?
What is the primary radiographic appearance of gallstones?
What imaging sign is indicative of bowel obstruction?
What imaging sign is indicative of bowel obstruction?
Which type of fracture is most likely to result in a pneumothorax?
Which type of fracture is most likely to result in a pneumothorax?
What is a common appearance of a kidney stone on a radiograph?
What is a common appearance of a kidney stone on a radiograph?
How is pleural effusion typically recognized on an X-ray?
How is pleural effusion typically recognized on an X-ray?
What might you expect to see in a chest radiograph of a patient with pneumonia?
What might you expect to see in a chest radiograph of a patient with pneumonia?
What could be a consequence of untreated bowel obstruction?
What could be a consequence of untreated bowel obstruction?
What kind of imaging would likely reveal the presence of gallstones?
What kind of imaging would likely reveal the presence of gallstones?
Which imaging characteristic can help differentiate between a pneumothorax and a pleural effusion?
Which imaging characteristic can help differentiate between a pneumothorax and a pleural effusion?
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Study Notes
Small Bowel Obstruction
- Occurrence: More common
- Causes: Adhesions, hernia, malignancy, diverticular disease, volvulus (twisting of the bowel)
- Symptoms: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, distention
- Imaging: Abdominal X-ray (AXR) can be used as a screening tool, often replaced by CT
- Appearance on AXR (CT): Dilated loops of bowel, well-defined, width exceeds the size of the pacemaker
Extremities
Fractures
- Definition: Disruption of bone caused by mechanical forces
- Appearance on X-ray: Radiolucent line crossing the bone, disrupting the cortical outline
- Soft tissue signs: Joint effusion, swelling and oedema
Types of Fractures
- Greenstick: Incomplete fracture, common in children
- Torus: Buckling of the bone, common in children
- Colles: Fracture of the distal radius, causes "Dinner fork deformity"
- Boxers: Fracture of the 5th metacarpal bone
- Avulsion: Fracture caused by forceful pulling of a tendon
- Monteggia: Fracture of the ulna, often accompanied by dislocation of the radial head
- Galeazzi: Fracture of the radius, often accompanied by dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint
Treatment
- Conservative: Casting, splinting, physical therapy
- Closed reduction: Manual manipulation to realign the bone
- Open reduction/Internal fixation (ORIF): Surgical procedure involving bone fixation with plates or screws
- External fixation: External frame attached to the bone to stabilize it
Osteoarthritis (OA)
- Definition: Degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage breakdown and bone spurs
- Appearance on X-ray: Severe degenerative change, irregular bone formation
Summary
- Chest: Pneumothorax, Pleural effusion, Pneumonia
- Abdomen: Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis), Gallstones (Cholelithiasis), Bowel obstruction
- Clavicle: Fractures
- Hand/Wrist: Fractures, Osteoarthritis
Imaging Anatomy
- Key concepts: Specificity is important (left/right, aspect), using correct terms, identifying bony and soft tissue structures
- Chest: Sternum, clavicle, scapula, ribs, lungs
- Abdomen: Diaphragm, liver, stomach, kidneys, psoas muscle, bladder
- Clavicle: Medial (sternoclavicular), lateral (acromioclavicular)
- Wrist/Hand: Carpal bones (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate), metacarpals, phalanges
Imaging Pathology
- Key concept: Relating radiographic appearances to potential pathologies
- Chest: Pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pneumonia
- Abdomen: Kidney stones, gallstones, bowel obstruction
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