Questions and Answers
Who is known as the 'Father of Botany'?
What did Mithridates VI study in relation to poisoning?
What was Terra Sigillata used for in ancient times?
Which scholar compiled 'De Materia Medica'?
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What was Clausius Galen's significant contribution to the field of medicine?
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What type of document is 'Antidotaria' similar to?
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Which compound is associated with Mithridates VI’s studies?
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What does the term 'galenicals' refer to?
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What significant establishment is Italy known for in the history of pharmacy?
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Who established the first organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon world?
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Which pharmacist is known as the Father of Immunology for developing the first vaccine?
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What compound did Bernard Courtois discover from the ash of seaweed?
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Which of the following pharmacists worked on the extraction of caffeine?
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What was the purpose of Christopher Marshall's apothecary establishment?
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Which of the following pharmacists is credited with significant work on digitalis?
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Who was the first hospital pharmacist at the Pennsylvania Hospital?
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What role did Damian and Cosmas serve in the field of Pharmacy and Medicine during the Middle Ages?
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During the Middle Ages, which institution became the center of intellectual life for pharmacy and medicine?
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What significant contribution did Ibn Sina make during the Arabian Era?
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What was the main purpose of the Magna Carta of 1240?
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Which work is recognized as the first official pharmacopoeia?
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How did Paracelsus influence the practice of pharmacy?
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What was a key characteristic of pharmacies as regulated by the Magna Carta?
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What distinguishes the first privately owned drugstore established in Baghdad?
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Who is recognized as the 'Father of Philippine Pharmacy'?
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What was the purpose of the Escuela de Practicantes de Medicine y Farmacia offered by UST?
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Which of the following practitioners specifically used herbs for treatment in the Philippines?
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What type of education did Spain and Germany introduce in the Philippines related to pharmacy?
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Which friar wrote 'Medicinas caseras' that focused on medicinal plants?
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Who was the first scientist to isolate morphine from opium?
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What significant drug was discovered by Gerhardt Domagk using prontosil?
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Which scientist discovered penicillin?
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Which scientist is associated with the development of the injectable polio vaccine?
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Who is recognized as the Father of American Pharmacy?
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What was the significance of the first USP published in 1820?
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Which group was the first US industry in medicinal herbs?
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What prominent drug was developed from the Stoff family of organisms?
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Study Notes
Scientific Foundations in Ancient Practices
- Rationalization of treatment emphasized the use of scientific observation and classification, rejecting superstition.
Ancient Greece: Theophrastus
- Known as the "Father of Botany," he studied medicinal plants and their effects, notably discovering atropine and scopolamine's use in muscle relaxation and heart rate regulation.
Ancient Turkey: Mithridates VI
- King of Pontus, recognized as the "Father of Toxicology," focused on the effects of poisons and developed Mithridatum, a popular antidote for over a millennium.
Ancient Mediterranean: Terra Sigillata
- An early therapeutic trademark from Lemnos, originating before 500 B.C., which was washed, refined, and commercially distributed in pastilles.
Middle Ages: Pedanios Dioscorides
- "Father of Pharmacology," compiled De Materia Medica, documenting 600 plants and 90 minerals, ensuring proper drug collection, usage, and storage.
Middle Ages: Claudius Galen
- The "First Pharmacist/Botanist," his pharmaceutical principles drove practice for 1500 years; his Galenicals were pharmaceuticals compounded mechanically.
Middle Ages: Latin Compilations
- Antidotaria provided systematic drug descriptions; Receptaria offered an official list of medicines for prescription.
Middle Ages: Saints of Medicine
- Damian (apothecary) and Cosmas (physician) were canonized and became patrons of Pharmacy and Medicine.
Middle Ages: Monastic Pharmacy
- Monasteries were centers for medicinal plant cultivation and distillation of aromatic waters, preserving medicinal knowledge through manuscripts.
Middle Ages: Contributions of Arab Scholars
- Separation of apothecary and physician roles, establishment of the first drugstore in Baghdad, influencing European drug administration.
Middle Ages: Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
- A pivotal figure, he contributed significantly to Pharmacy and Medicine, recognized as a polymath in various disciplines.
Middle Ages: Magna Carta of 1240
- Issued by Frederick II, it established pharmacy as an independent service, regulating pharmacy numbers, prices, and practices.
Middle Ages: First Pharmacopoeia
- Originating in Florence, Italy, the Nuovo Receptario Composito became the standard for legal medicinal practices in 1948.
Modern Europe: Paracelsus
- Revolutionized Pharmacy from a botanical to a chemical science, utilizing "quintessence" from nature in drug discovery.
Modern Europe: Italy as a Pharmacy Hub
- Hosted the first professional Apothecary Shop, Antidotary, Pharmacopoeia, and botanical garden in Europe.
Modern Europe: The Society of Apothecaries of London
- Formed in 1617, it marked the establishment of organized pharmacy in the Anglo-Saxon world.
Modern Age: Christopher Marshall
- Established an apothecary in Philadelphia, which served as a training center for pharmacists.
Modern Age: Key Figures in Pharmacy
- Jonathan Roberts: First hospital pharmacist; John Morgan: Advocate for prescription writing; Andrew Craigie: First Apothecary General.
Modern Age: Advances in Pharmaceuticals
- William Withering focused on digitalis for heart treatments; Edward Jenner developed the first smallpox vaccine, earning the title "Father of Immunology."
Modern Age: Discovery of Chemical Compounds
- Bernard Courtois discovered iodine and bromine; Joseph Caventou and Pierre Pelletier worked with quinine and caffeine.
Modern Age: Codeine and Fluorine Discovery
- Pierre-Jean Robiquet isolated codeine from opium; Henri Moissan first isolated fluorine through electrolysis.
20th Century Scientists: Breakthroughs
- Paul Ehrlich introduced chemotherapy; Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin; Alexander Fleming uncovered penicillin.
Pharmacy in the USA: Early Developments
- Druggist roles included importing and dispensing drugs; first USP published in 1820, setting drug standards.
Pharmacy in the Philippines: Historical Practices
- Prior to Spanish influence, treatments used herbal remedies; various practitioners existed, such as mediquillos, curanderos, and herbolarios.
Pharmacy in the Philippines: Education Initiatives
- UST established the first pharmacy program in 1871, training pharmacists under foreign supervision. Don Leon Ma. Guerrero is recognized as the "Father of Philippine Pharmacy."
Contributions of Friars in the Philippines
- Orders established hospitals and documented medicinal plants: Fr. Fernando Sta. Maria, O.P. wrote Medicinas caseras; Fr. Manuel Blanco, O.S.A. authored Flora de Filipinas.
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Description
Explore the foundational practices of ancient medicine defined by scientific observation and the classification of medicinal substances. This quiz covers contributions from renowned figures such as Theophrastus and Mithridates VI, along with the medicinal traditions from ancient Greece, Turkey, and the Mediterranean. Test your knowledge on how these early practices shaped modern pharmacology.
