Medical Ethics: Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki
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Questions and Answers

What did the Nuremberg Code establish?

  • Right to compensation for participating in experiments
  • Right to privacy and confidentiality of personal information
  • Voluntary consent and right to withdraw from experiment (correct)
  • Mandatory participation in medical experiments

What did the WMA Declaration of Helsinki add to the Nuremberg Code?

  • Right to privacy and confidentiality of personal information (correct)
  • Right to compensation for participating in experiments
  • Right to withdraw from experiment
  • Mandatory participation in medical experiments

What is the Flesch Reading Ease Test used for?

  • To assign a value indicating the readability of a text (correct)
  • To assess the ethical implications of a research study
  • To measure the complexity of medical procedures
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of health apps

What percentage of health apps available in the Apple store are truly medical/health related as of June 2013?

<p>~50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a double-blinded study?

<p>Both the investigators and the subjects do not know whether they received an active medication or a placebo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study design is considered the gold standard to test therapeutic interventions?

<p>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of evidence in the GRADE framework is derived from consistent RCTs?

<p>Level 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of clinical question aims to determine if lowering the average blood pressure reduces the likelihood of a stroke?

<p>Prognosis question (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common barrier to implementing Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) mentioned in the text?

<p>Lack of local champions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study compares patients with a specific condition to those who do not have the condition?

<p>Case control studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of cohort studies?

<p>The study evaluates and follows patients with a specific exposure over time and compares them with another similar group that has not been affected by the exposure being studied (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of clinical question aims to determine if adding Plavix to aspirin reduces the incidence of future strokes?

<p>Therapy question (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of Personal Health Records (PHRs) according to Tang 2006?

<p>The tethered PHR, the standalone PHR, and the interconnected or integrated PHR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the challenges of mobile technology mentioned in the text?

<p>Cost, distraction, technical issues, security, lack of quality control, lack of evidence, regulatory concerns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) according to the text?

<p>A systematic approach to clinical problem solving integrating best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does PICO stand for in Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)?

<p>$P$- patient description; $I$- intervention; $C$- comparison; $O$- outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of uses of Text Messaging/SMS in Mobile Technology Devices as mentioned in the text?

<p>Appointment reminders, education, disease management, behavior modification, medication compliance, laboratory results notification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the popularity of mobile technology according to Chapter 13?

<p>$Improved speed$, memory, wireless connectivity and shrinking form factor (size and shape), affordability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of Consumer Health Informatics (CHI) applications mentioned in the text?

<p>MyFitnessPal, FitBit, Weight Watchers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of Home Telemedicine Devices mentioned in the text?

<p>Digital scales, blood pressure monitors, glucose monitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first tablet to make an impact in healthcare according to Chapter 13?

<p>The iPad (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some challenges mentioned regarding electronic communication in healthcare according to the text?

<p>Insecurity of standard email messages and overload of messages among others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Nuremberg Code primarily concerned with?

<p>Establishing voluntary consent and the right to withdraw from medical experiments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the WMA Declaration of Helsinki add to the principles established by the Nuremberg Code?

<p>Right to privacy and confidentiality of personal information of research subjects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between ethics and law?

<p>Ethics is usually strongly informed by the law, society, and the prevailing culture, and are extensions of these (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of health apps available in the Apple store were truly medical/health related as of June 2013?

<p>$33%$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Consumer Health Informatics (CHI) applications mentioned in the text?

<p>Informing and instructing users about their health and wellness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge of mobile technology mentioned in the text?

<p>Distraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of Personal Health Records (PHRs) according to Tang 2006?

<p>Tethered, standalone, interconnected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does PICO stand for in Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)?

<p>$P$-patient, $I$-intervention, $C$-comparison, $O$-outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some uses of Text Messaging/SMS in Mobile Technology Devices as mentioned in the text?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of Home Telemedicine Devices mentioned in the text?

<p>Digital scales and glucose monitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the popularity of mobile technology according to Chapter 13?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common barrier to implementing Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) mentioned in the text?

<p>Lack of time and information overload (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study design is considered the gold standard to test therapeutic interventions?

<p>Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) according to the text?

<p>A systematic approach to clinical problem solving integrating research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study design is considered the gold standard to test therapeutic interventions?

<p>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of cohort studies?

<p>They evaluate and follow patients with a specific exposure or treatment over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of health apps available in the Apple store were truly medical/health related as of June 2013?

<p>Less than 10% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of uses of Text Messaging/SMS in Mobile Technology Devices as mentioned in the text?

<p>Remote patient monitoring and medication reminders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common barrier to implementing Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) mentioned in the text?

<p>Lack of local champions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Consumer Health Informatics (CHI) applications mentioned in the text?

<p>Enhancing patient-provider communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the WMA Declaration of Helsinki add to the principles established by the Nuremberg Code?

<p>Requirements for informed consent in clinical trials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of clinical question aims to determine if adding Plavix to aspirin reduces the incidence of future strokes?

<p>Therapy Question (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Nuremberg Code?

<p>Establishing the right to voluntary consent and to withdraw from medical experiments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the WMA Declaration of Helsinki add to the principles established by the Nuremberg Code?

<p>The right to privacy and confidentiality of personal information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Flesch Reading Ease Test used for?

<p>Measuring the difficulty of a text based on sentence length and syllable count (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between ethics and law?

<p>Ethics is usually strongly informed by the law, society, and culture, and are extensions of these (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of health apps available in the Apple store were truly medical/health related as of June 2013?

<p>Less than 50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two-thirds (â…”) of health apps available in the Apple store designed for?

<p>Consumers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are one-third (â…“) of health apps available in the Apple store designed for?

<p>Healthcare professionals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one view on ethics mentioned in the text?

<p>Ethics does not exist outside the law, and exists only for the good of a properly ordered and legal society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Flesch Reading Ease Test assign a value to?

<p>The difficulty level of texts based on sentence length and syllable count. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a cohort study?

<p>It evaluates and follows patients with a specific exposure or treatment over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of the Nuremberg Code?

<p>Informed consent and voluntary participation in research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study design is considered the gold standard to test therapeutic interventions?

<p>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level of evidence in the GRADE framework is derived from consistent RCTs?

<p>Level 1: High quality evidence derived from consistent RCTs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of clinical question aims to determine if adding Plavix to aspirin reduces the incidence of future strokes?

<p>Therapy question (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common barriers to implementing Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) mentioned in the text?

<p>Lack of local champions and incentives for clinicians to adopt CPGs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of Consumer Health Informatics (CHI) applications mentioned in the text?

<p>CHI applications that facilitate patient-provider communication and self-management of health conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some challenges mentioned regarding electronic communication in healthcare according to the text?

<p>Low initial acceptance of electronic communication in healthcare due to lack of local champions, contrary opinions, and conclusive evidence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of health apps available in the Apple store were truly medical/health related as of June 2013?

<p>Less than 10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does PICO stand for in Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)?

<p>Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nuremberg Code

A code established in 1947 to define ethical standards for medical research following the Nazi war crimes trials.

Voluntary Consent

The right of a research subject to participate voluntarily in a study and to withdraw consent at any time.

Right to Withdraw

This right allows a research subject to end their participation in a study at any time without facing negative consequences.

WMA Declaration of Helsinki

This declaration expands on the Nuremberg Code, adding ethical considerations for medical research.

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Right to Privacy

The right of a research subject to have their personal information protected and kept private.

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Confidentiality of Personal Information

Ensuring that a research subject's personal information is not disclosed to unauthorized individuals.

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Flesch Reading Ease Test

A test that assesses the readability of a written text by analyzing sentence length and word complexity.

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Double-Blinded Study

A type of clinical study where neither the researchers nor the participants know who is receiving the active treatment and who is receiving a placebo.

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Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

A research study where participants are randomly assigned to receive either the treatment being investigated or a control group.

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Level 1 Evidence

The highest level of evidence according to the GRADE system, derived from consistent randomized controlled trials.

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Prognosis Question

A type of clinical research question that aims to predict the course of a disease or condition.

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Lack of Local Champions

A barrier to implementing Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) that refers to a lack of individuals who are dedicated to advocating for and promoting their adoption.

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Case Control Study

A type of observational study that compares patients with a specific condition to those who do not have the condition.

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Cohort Study

A type of observational study where a group of individuals with a specific exposure or characteristic is followed over time and compared to a similar group without that exposure.

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Therapy Question

A type of clinical research question that aims to assess whether a treatment or intervention is effective.

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Personal Health Records (PHRs)

Electronic health records that are managed and controlled by patients themselves.

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Tethered PHR

A type of PHR that is directly linked to a healthcare provider's electronic health record (EHR) system.

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Standalone PHR

A type of PHR that is not connected to any healthcare provider's system and is managed independently by the patient.

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Interconnected PHR

A type of PHR that connects with multiple healthcare providers and information sources.

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Mobile Technology in Healthcare

The use of mobile devices and technologies to enhance healthcare delivery and patient engagement.

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Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)

An approach to clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.

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PICO

An acronym that stands for Patient, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome. This framework is used to structure clinical research questions in EBM.

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Text Messaging (SMS) in Healthcare

Short text messages sent to mobile devices that can be used for a variety of health-related purposes.

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Factors Contributing to Mobile Technology Popularity

The increasing popularity of mobile technology in healthcare is attributed to factors such as cost-effectiveness, improved user experience, and the desire to stay connected.

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Consumer Health Informatics (CHI)

Applications that focus on providing information and tools for personal health and wellness management.

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Home Telemedicine Devices

Devices that are used to monitor and manage various health conditions within the home environment.

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The iPad & Healthcare

The first tablet computer to make a significant impact in the healthcare industry, known for its user-friendly interface and mobile capabilities.

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Challenges of Electronic Communication in Healthcare

Challenges associated with electronic communication in healthcare include concerns about security, message overload, and lack of standardized protocols.

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Medical/Health Related Apps in the Apple Store

This refers to the percentage of health-related apps available in the marketplace that were designed to be medically accurate and helpful for patients.

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Entertainment-oriented Health Apps

The majority of health-related apps in the Apple Store were designed to be entertainment-oriented, rather than to be helpful for patients.

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