Medical Ethics: Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki
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Questions and Answers

What did the Nuremberg Code establish?

  • Right to compensation for participating in experiments
  • Right to privacy and confidentiality of personal information
  • Voluntary consent and right to withdraw from experiment (correct)
  • Mandatory participation in medical experiments
  • What did the WMA Declaration of Helsinki add to the Nuremberg Code?

  • Right to privacy and confidentiality of personal information (correct)
  • Right to compensation for participating in experiments
  • Right to withdraw from experiment
  • Mandatory participation in medical experiments
  • What is the Flesch Reading Ease Test used for?

  • To assign a value indicating the readability of a text (correct)
  • To assess the ethical implications of a research study
  • To measure the complexity of medical procedures
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of health apps
  • What percentage of health apps available in the Apple store are truly medical/health related as of June 2013?

    <p>~50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a double-blinded study?

    <p>Both the investigators and the subjects do not know whether they received an active medication or a placebo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study design is considered the gold standard to test therapeutic interventions?

    <p>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of evidence in the GRADE framework is derived from consistent RCTs?

    <p>Level 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clinical question aims to determine if lowering the average blood pressure reduces the likelihood of a stroke?

    <p>Prognosis question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common barrier to implementing Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) mentioned in the text?

    <p>Lack of local champions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study compares patients with a specific condition to those who do not have the condition?

    <p>Case control studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of cohort studies?

    <p>The study evaluates and follows patients with a specific exposure over time and compares them with another similar group that has not been affected by the exposure being studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of clinical question aims to determine if adding Plavix to aspirin reduces the incidence of future strokes?

    <p>Therapy question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of Personal Health Records (PHRs) according to Tang 2006?

    <p>The tethered PHR, the standalone PHR, and the interconnected or integrated PHR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the challenges of mobile technology mentioned in the text?

    <p>Cost, distraction, technical issues, security, lack of quality control, lack of evidence, regulatory concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) according to the text?

    <p>A systematic approach to clinical problem solving integrating best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PICO stand for in Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)?

    <p>$P$- patient description; $I$- intervention; $C$- comparison; $O$- outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of uses of Text Messaging/SMS in Mobile Technology Devices as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Appointment reminders, education, disease management, behavior modification, medication compliance, laboratory results notification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the popularity of mobile technology according to Chapter 13?

    <p>$Improved speed$, memory, wireless connectivity and shrinking form factor (size and shape), affordability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of Consumer Health Informatics (CHI) applications mentioned in the text?

    <p>MyFitnessPal, FitBit, Weight Watchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of Home Telemedicine Devices mentioned in the text?

    <p>Digital scales, blood pressure monitors, glucose monitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first tablet to make an impact in healthcare according to Chapter 13?

    <p>The iPad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some challenges mentioned regarding electronic communication in healthcare according to the text?

    <p>Insecurity of standard email messages and overload of messages among others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Nuremberg Code primarily concerned with?

    <p>Establishing voluntary consent and the right to withdraw from medical experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the WMA Declaration of Helsinki add to the principles established by the Nuremberg Code?

    <p>Right to privacy and confidentiality of personal information of research subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between ethics and law?

    <p>Ethics is usually strongly informed by the law, society, and the prevailing culture, and are extensions of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of health apps available in the Apple store were truly medical/health related as of June 2013?

    <p>$33%$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Consumer Health Informatics (CHI) applications mentioned in the text?

    <p>Informing and instructing users about their health and wellness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge of mobile technology mentioned in the text?

    <p>Distraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of Personal Health Records (PHRs) according to Tang 2006?

    <p>Tethered, standalone, interconnected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PICO stand for in Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)?

    <p>$P$-patient, $I$-intervention, $C$-comparison, $O$-outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some uses of Text Messaging/SMS in Mobile Technology Devices as mentioned in the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of Home Telemedicine Devices mentioned in the text?

    <p>Digital scales and glucose monitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the popularity of mobile technology according to Chapter 13?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common barrier to implementing Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) mentioned in the text?

    <p>Lack of time and information overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study design is considered the gold standard to test therapeutic interventions?

    <p>Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) according to the text?

    <p>A systematic approach to clinical problem solving integrating research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study design is considered the gold standard to test therapeutic interventions?

    <p>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of cohort studies?

    <p>They evaluate and follow patients with a specific exposure or treatment over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of health apps available in the Apple store were truly medical/health related as of June 2013?

    <p>Less than 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of uses of Text Messaging/SMS in Mobile Technology Devices as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Remote patient monitoring and medication reminders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common barrier to implementing Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) mentioned in the text?

    <p>Lack of local champions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Consumer Health Informatics (CHI) applications mentioned in the text?

    <p>Enhancing patient-provider communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the WMA Declaration of Helsinki add to the principles established by the Nuremberg Code?

    <p>Requirements for informed consent in clinical trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clinical question aims to determine if adding Plavix to aspirin reduces the incidence of future strokes?

    <p>Therapy Question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Nuremberg Code?

    <p>Establishing the right to voluntary consent and to withdraw from medical experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the WMA Declaration of Helsinki add to the principles established by the Nuremberg Code?

    <p>The right to privacy and confidentiality of personal information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Flesch Reading Ease Test used for?

    <p>Measuring the difficulty of a text based on sentence length and syllable count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between ethics and law?

    <p>Ethics is usually strongly informed by the law, society, and culture, and are extensions of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of health apps available in the Apple store were truly medical/health related as of June 2013?

    <p>Less than 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two-thirds (⅔) of health apps available in the Apple store designed for?

    <p>Consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are one-third (⅓) of health apps available in the Apple store designed for?

    <p>Healthcare professionals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one view on ethics mentioned in the text?

    <p>Ethics does not exist outside the law, and exists only for the good of a properly ordered and legal society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Flesch Reading Ease Test assign a value to?

    <p>The difficulty level of texts based on sentence length and syllable count.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a cohort study?

    <p>It evaluates and follows patients with a specific exposure or treatment over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of the Nuremberg Code?

    <p>Informed consent and voluntary participation in research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study design is considered the gold standard to test therapeutic interventions?

    <p>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of evidence in the GRADE framework is derived from consistent RCTs?

    <p>Level 1: High quality evidence derived from consistent RCTs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of clinical question aims to determine if adding Plavix to aspirin reduces the incidence of future strokes?

    <p>Therapy question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common barriers to implementing Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) mentioned in the text?

    <p>Lack of local champions and incentives for clinicians to adopt CPGs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of Consumer Health Informatics (CHI) applications mentioned in the text?

    <p>CHI applications that facilitate patient-provider communication and self-management of health conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some challenges mentioned regarding electronic communication in healthcare according to the text?

    <p>Low initial acceptance of electronic communication in healthcare due to lack of local champions, contrary opinions, and conclusive evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of health apps available in the Apple store were truly medical/health related as of June 2013?

    <p>Less than 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PICO stand for in Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)?

    <p>Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

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