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What is the primary focus of pathophysiology?
Which type of tissue serves to bind other tissues together and provide support?
In what way can physiological changes present themselves?
Which aspect is NOT considered in the holistic approach to health by paramedics?
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What are the byproducts of cellular respiration?
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Which is NOT a type of muscle tissue mentioned?
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Which of the following best describes pathology?
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What is the essential role of ATP in the body?
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What role does the Thirst Mechanism play in dehydration?
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Which factor contributes to cellular dehydration when the ECF loses water?
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Which hormone is released to promote water reabsorption in response to dehydration?
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What is a common clinical manifestation indicating moderate dehydration?
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Which system activates vasoconstriction and fluid/sodium reabsorption during dehydration?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of dehydration?
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Which assessment finding in a neonate would indicate dehydration?
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What happens to blood pressure/volume when ANH is released due to high blood volume?
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What is homeostasis primarily concerned with regulating?
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Which of the following is essential for maintaining electrical gradients for nerve transmission?
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What type of fluid accounts for 60% of an adult's total body weight?
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Which mechanism specifically refers to the diffusion of water?
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What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
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Which fluid type is specifically used by Ontario paramedics for treatment?
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What role does the Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) play in the body?
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What triggers the release of Renin in the kidneys?
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What does the term 'tonicity' refer to?
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Which statement describes a characteristic of facilitated diffusion?
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What effect does Aldosterone have on the kidneys?
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Which of the following correctly represents the compartments of Extracellular Fluid (ECF)?
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Which system helps counteract the effects of ADH and RAAS?
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What heart rhythm trend is expected as dehydration worsens?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with dehydration?
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What is a common consequence of severe dehydration affecting electrolyte levels?
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What signifies fluid overload in a patient?
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Which of the following signs indicates hyperkalemia?
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In cases of heat exhaustion, what should be the primary intervention?
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What is a vital consideration when managing airway in severely dehydrated patients?
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What is a classic symptom of hypokalemia?
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What condition can result from inadequate oxygen delivery in the context of dehydration?
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Which intervention should be prioritized for patients exhibiting signs of dehydration?
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Study Notes
Pathophysiology Overview
- Pathophysiology examines how diseases and injuries alter bodily functions.
- Pathology involves studying cell and tissue changes due to disease.
- Physiology focuses on normal biological functions of living organisms.
- Essential for healthcare practitioners, particularly in pre-hospital settings.
Human Biology Fundamentals
- The human body consists of organ systems, with cells being the basic unit.
- Four tissue types:
- Connective: Supports and binds tissues (e.g., bone, blood).
- Epithelial: Covers/lines organs (e.g., skin, respiratory/GI tracts).
- Muscle: Comprises skeletal, smooth, and cardiac tissues.
- Nervous: Facilitates signal transmission to/from body parts.
- Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, yielding CO2 and water.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the stable internal environment necessary for health.
- Disease arises when homeostasis cannot be maintained.
- Paramedics must identify changes in homeostasis, administer rapid treatments, and ensure appropriate transport.
Fluid & Electrolyte Regulation
- Body fluids account for 60% of adult total body weight:
- Intracellular Fluid (ICF): 66% of body water.
- Extracellular Fluid (ECF): 33%; includes Intravenous Fluid (IVF) and Interstitial Fluid (ISF).
- Electrolytes maintain electrical gradients for nerve and muscle function.
Fluid Movement Mechanisms
- Cell membranes are semi-permeable; they allow certain substances to pass (e.g., water) while restricting others (e.g., hormones).
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy.
- Osmosis: Specifically refers to water diffusion.
- Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport needing transmembrane proteins (e.g., glucose entry).
- Active transport: Energy-dependent movement (e.g., Na/K pump).
Tonicity of Solutions
- Isotonic: No net water movement; cell volume remains the same.
- Hypertonic: Net water movement out of the cell leads to cell shrinkage.
- Hypotonic: Net water movement into the cell results in cell swelling.
- Ontario paramedics use isotonic fluids (e.g., Normal Saline) for treatment.
Role of the Kidneys & Hormones
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Released when water volume is low; stimulates water retention in kidneys.
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance through vasoconstriction and sodium reabsorption.
- Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH): Released when blood volume is high; reduces sodium reabsorption and opposes ADH/RAAS.
Dehydration
- Defined as a reduction in total body water volume, primarily affecting ECF first.
- Causes cellular dehydration due to osmotic gradients between ECF and ICF.
- Homeostasis management systems include thirst mechanism, ADH release, RAAS activation, and sympathetic nervous system response.
Assessment of Dehydration
- Identify causes such as heat stroke, physical exhaustion, and gastrointestinal losses.
- Assess clinical manifestations: level of awareness, skin turgor, heart rate, respiratory rate.
- Utilize tools like Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) to evaluate consciousness levels.
Clinical Manifestations of Fluid Regulation
- Fluid overload can lead to edema in different areas: ascites, peripheral and pulmonary edema.
- Dehydration manifests as decreased skin turgor, thirst, lethargy, and increased vital signs (HR, RR, BP).
Consequences of Dehydration
- Electrolyte imbalances arise, affecting sodium and potassium levels.
- Hypernatremia and hypokalemia can disrupt Na/K pump function, impacting nerve/muscle signals.
- Severe dehydration leads to cellular inefficiencies and potential shock states due to hypoperfusion.
- Acidosis may occur from inadequate oxygen delivery and increased lactic acid production.
Environmental Emergencies
- Address exposure to temperature extremes, leading to conditions like heat exhaustion (temperature ≥40°C).
- Actively cool patients using wet sheets or cold packs for heat stroke.
Pre-Hospital Management of Dehydration
- Ensure patent airways and adequate oxygenation; prepare for potential seizures.
- Administer IV isotonic fluids (e.g., normal saline) for hydration.
- Rapidly transport patients from inhospitable environments, removing excess clothing and providing active cooling.
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