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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of an arteriovenous shunt for a dialysis patient?
Which of the following is a symptom of GI hemorrhage?
What condition is characterized by the overstimulation at the neuro-muscular junction?
Which treatment is appropriate for an opioid overdose?
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What is the main cause of symptoms during an anaphylactic reaction?
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Identify a common stimulant that a patient might overdose on.
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What movement describes peristalsis?
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Which symptom is typically associated with appendicitis?
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What phase occurs immediately before the ictal phase of a generalized seizure?
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Which of the following is a primary cause of syncope?
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What is one key difference between neglect and abuse?
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Which symptom is NOT assessed in the Cincinnati Stroke Scale?
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What is the primary use of an N95 mask when treating a patient with tuberculosis?
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Which condition is characterized by a brief loss of consciousness due to low blood pressure?
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Which of the following correctly describes polydipsia?
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What differentiates psychosis from delirium?
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What is a key distinguishing factor between anaphylaxis and an allergic reaction?
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What condition does DKA refer to, and what is it a result of?
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What type of breathing pattern is associated with DKA patients?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of sepsis?
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What is the first step in shock treatment at the BLS level?
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What is sickle cell anemia characterized by?
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What personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn when dealing with a meningitis patient?
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What can be a complication for someone with sickle cell anemia?
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Study Notes
Dialysis
- Arteriovenous shunt: A surgical connection between a vein and an artery that allows dialysis access.
- Complications: Nausea, low blood pressure, blood clots, headaches.
Altered Mental Status
- Differentials: Stroke, hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, seizure, drug intoxication, hyperglycemia, meningitis, diabetes, dehydration, and hypercalcemia.
Overdose
- Opioid overdose: Naloxone is the appropriate treatment.
- Poison control number: 1-800-222-1222
- Stimulants: Cocaine and crystal meth are examples.
Cholinergic Overdose
- Defined as overstimulation at the neuromuscular junction due to excess acetylcholine, leading to muscle paralysis, seizures, and respiratory failure.
Abdominal Pain
- Appendicitis: Pain around the navel, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
- GI Hemorrhage: Vomiting blood, fatigue, dyspnea, paleness
- Peritonitis: Abdominal pain increased with movement, abdominal swelling, fever, thirst.
- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, clammy skin, severe pain in the abdomen, lower back, or legs.
- Diverticulitis: Pain or tenderness in the lower left abdomen, bloating, fever, nausea and vomiting.
Gastrointestinal System
- Peristalsis: Involuntary muscle movement in the GI tract that moves food in wave-like motions.
Anaphylaxis
- Pathophysiology: Allergen overreaction causing mast cells and basophils to release histamine and leukotrienes, leading to vascular permeability, vasodilation, and bronchoconstriction.
- Epinephrine: Reverses anaphylaxis by opening airways and reducing swelling.
- Differentiating from an allergic reaction: Anaphylaxis involves at least two body systems, such as swelling in the airway and chest pain.
Diabetes
- Insulin: Moves glucose from the blood into cells for energy.
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): Body lacks enough insulin to move glucose from blood to cells.
- Signs and Symptoms of DKA: Fatigue, headaches, shortness of breath, fruity breath.
- Respiratory changes: Fast, deep breaths called Kussmaul respirations to reduce blood acidity caused by ketone buildup during fat burning.
Sepsis
- Signs and Symptoms: Altered mental status, fast and shallow breathing, fever or hypothermia, warm or sweaty skin.
- 4 Steps for BLS level shock treatment:
- Assess and manage the airway
- Control bleeding
- Lay patient down with legs elevated
- Keep patient warm while monitoring vitals and calling for ALS.
Sickle Cell Anemia
- Definition: A blood disorder causing red blood cells to have an abnormal shape.
- Sickle cell crisis: Extreme pain throughout the body, fatigue, dizziness, swelling of hands and feet.
- Predispositions: Stroke, kidney problems.
Meningitis
- Definition: Inflammation of the area (fluid and tissue) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
- Signs and Symptoms: Headaches, stiff neck, fever, vomiting, confusion.
- PPE: Gloves and mask.
Seizures
- Partial seizure: Affects one area of the brain.
- Generalized seizure: Affects both sides of the brain.
- Phases of a generalized seizure:
- Prodromal
- Early ictal (aura)
- Ictal
- Postictal
Syncope
- Definition: Brief loss of consciousness.
- Causes: Dehydration, anxiety.
Tuberculosis
- PPE: Filtering face piece respirator (N95 mask) and gloves.
Homeostasis
- Definition: The body's ability to maintain stability in biological systems despite external changes.
Neglect and Abuse
- Neglect: Failure to provide necessary care.
- Abuse: Causing harm physically, sexually, or emotionally.
Psychosis and Delirium
- Psychosis: Stable with auditory hallucinations.
- Delirium: Fluctuates throughout the day, causes visual hallucinations.
Cincinnati Stroke Scale
- Assesses facial paresis, arm drift, and abnormal speech.
Speech Impairment
- Dysphasia: Inability to produce speech.
- Aphagia: Inability to understand speech.
Stroke
- Hemorrhagic: Blood vessel rupture in the brain.
- Ischemic: Blood clot blocking an artery leading to the brain.
- Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, mimicking stroke symptoms like slurred speech.
- Most important information for EMS: Time of last normal function.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various medical emergencies and their treatments. This quiz covers topics such as dialysis complications, altered mental status, overdoses, and abdominal pain diagnosis. Perfect for medical students or healthcare professionals.
