Medical Diagnosis Quiz: Breast and Liver Conditions

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Questions and Answers

The most likely diagnosis if a patient has a small, painful mass under the nipple and expresses bloody discharge upon pressure on the mass is papiloma intraductal.

True

Hepatocarcinoma is the tumor associated with the consumption of oral contraceptives.

False

A patient with a lung cancer diagnosis and symptoms of hypercalcemia can be operated on.

False

A woman with a small, painful mass under the nipple and bloody discharge upon pressure on the mass is likely to have a papiloma intraductal.

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Ginecomastia is a manifestation of lung cancer that indicates the disease has spread and is inoperable.

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Hiperplasia intraductal is a diagnosis that is always associated with a painful mass under the nipple.

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The most frequent site of carcinoma mammary recurrence is the opposite breast.

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A biopsy of the lower esophagus of a 65-year-old man with dysphagia, weight loss, and fatigue shows adenocarcinoma, which likely originated from the Barrett's ulcer.

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The most frequent type of diaphragmatic hernia is the paraesophageal hernia.

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Appendectomy is recommended during abdominal interventions for other causes because the incidence of colon cancer is lower in subjects who have undergone appendectomy.

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Hypersecretion of gastric acid is a manifestation of the carcinoid syndrome.

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Increased bowel sounds are a characteristic of vascular mesenteric occlusion.

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Fever is a criterion for the differential diagnosis between carcinoma and diverticulitis of the sigmoid.

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The diverticular disease of the intestine is more frequent in the descending colon.

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The obstructions of the small intestine are identified on a simple radiograph by the presence of haustras.

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Polyposis is a complication of Crohn's disease.

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Chorea of Huntington is the correct diagnosis for the patient described.

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Barestesia is the sensitivity explored with a tuning fork.

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A patient with sudden unconsciousness and hemiplegia, and atrial fibrillation, is most likely to have a hemorrhagic cerebral stroke.

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The diagnosis of angina pectoris can be made by examination only.

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Haemofilus influenzae is a type of Coli.

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Esclerosis multiple is a type of movement disorder.

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Hipertiroidismo is a type of movement disorder.

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Echinococcus infests humans through the percutaneous route.

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A uterus larger than expected according to fetal age is a constant symptom in patients with hydatidiform mole.

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All patients with trophoblastic disease have similar prognosis regardless of metastatic location.

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The uterine dynamics of a patient with 4 contractions in 10 minutes, tone = 10 mmHg, intensity = 30mmHg, and maximum pressure = 40mmHg, is within normal limits.

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Schistosoma infests humans through the percutaneous route.

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The uterine activity is 120 UM and AU=Int x Frec.

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The phase of rapid relaxation is similar to the phase of contraction.

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IgM causes hemolysis in the fetus.

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The indirect Coombs test is used during pregnancy.

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The majority of the mammary gland originates from the ectoderm.

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The term 'position' refers to the relationship of the fetal reference point to the maternal right or left hemipelvis.

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Laparoscopy is the most precise method for diagnosing ectopic pregnancy.

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The most important cause of preterm labor is rupture of membranes.

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A low molecular weight facilitates the placental transfer of a drug.

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The presence of meconium during labor has little significance.

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Study Notes

Cancer Diagnosis

A probable diagnosis for a small, painful mass under the nipple with liquid blood discharge is papiloma intraductal.
A tumor associated with oral contraceptive use is adenoma.

Cancer Symptoms

Hipercalcemia, Cushing's syndrome, and myasthenia-like syndrome indicate that cancer has spread and cannot be operated on.
Ginecomastia is not an indicator of cancer spread.

Cancer Recurrence

The most common site of recurrent breast cancer is the axillary lymph nodes.

Esophageal Cancer

Adenocarcinoma in the lower esophagus likely originated from an ulcer in Barrett's esophagus.

Hernias

The most common type of hiatus hernia is the sliding type.

Appendicitis

Appendectomy is recommended during abdominal surgery to prevent future complications, as appendicitis can still occur after laparotomy.

Carcinoid Syndrome

Clinical manifestations of carcinoid syndrome include flushing, diarrhea with abdominal pain, bronchospasm with wheezing, and right-sided heart failure.
Hypergastric secretion is not a manifestation of carcinoid syndrome.

Vascular Occlusion

Symptoms of vascular occlusion of the mesentery include sudden, severe abdominal pain, disproportionate to physical signs, and the desire to defecate.

Diverticulitis

A key difference between carcinoma and diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon is the presence of fever.

Spleen Disorders

Esplenectomy is useful in all hemolytic states except for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency anemia.

Porto-Systemic Shunt

Uncontrolled ascites, need for vitamin K to normalize prothrombin time, bilirubin level > 2 mg/dl, bromosulphalein retention > 20%, and albumin level < 2.5 g/dl indicate poor prognosis after porto-systemic shunt.

Intestinal Obstruction

A double-bubble appearance on a simple radiograph indicates intestinal obstruction.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Complications of Crohn's disease include adhesions, internal fistula, fibrosis, and intestinal obstruction, but not polyps.

Tumor Carcinoid

Active substances involved in carcinoid syndrome include serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, calcitonin, and histamine, but not parathormone.

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

The pathology of Mallory-Weiss syndrome consists of a tear in the esophagus.

Hemorrhoids

External thrombosed hemorrhoids typically manifest as a sudden, painful swelling, appear at the anal margin as a tense, bluish mass, and may ulcerate and bleed.

Hirsutism

Excessive hirsutism in women can be caused by Cushing's disease, arrhenoblastoma, and Stein-Leventhal syndrome, but not Brenner tumor.

Hemobilia

The triad of hemobilia, jaundice, and colicky abdominal pain after abdominal trauma suggests hemobilia.

Diarrheal Disease

In an infant with acute diarrhea, the presence of liquid stools without blood or mucus suggests E. coli infection.

Parasites

Echinococcus is not infested through the percutaneous route.

Molar Pregnancy

The most constant sign of molar pregnancy is an enlarged uterus larger than expected for gestational age.

Trophoblastic Disease

Among patients with trophoblastic disease, those with pulmonary metastases have the best prognosis.### Uterine Activity
Uterine activity is measured in units of Montevideo (UM).
The formula to calculate uterine activity is AU=Int x Frec.

Contraction and Relaxation Phases

The contraction phase is not the longest phase of uterine contractions.
The rapid relaxation phase is similar in duration to the contraction phase.

Isoimmunization

Isoimmunization occurs due to an immune response to Rh antigens.
The primary immune response is mediated by IgM.
IgM antibodies do not cross the placenta easily and do not cause hemolysis in the fetus.
IgG antibodies, on the other hand, cross the placenta easily and can cause hemolysis.

Coombs Test

The indirect Coombs test is used to detect the presence of antibodies in the mother's blood.
It is used during pregnancy to detect potential hemolytic diseases of the fetus.
The direct Coombs test is used to detect antibodies attached to the fetus's red blood cells.
It is used in the fetus or newborn to detect hemolytic disease.

Mammary Gland Development

The mammary gland develops from the ectoderm.
The mesoderm and endoderm are not involved in its development.

Fetal Position

The term "position" refers to the relationship between the fetus's reference point and the mother's right or left hip.

Ectopic Pregnancy

The most accurate method for diagnosing ectopic pregnancy is laparoscopy.
Culdocentesis, ultrasound, and colposcopy are less accurate methods.

Complications of Pregnancy

The most common cause of preterm labor is premature rupture of membranes.
Twin pregnancies are associated with an increased risk of complications, including anemia, hypertension, and bleeding.
The risk of hydramnios is increased in certain conditions, including anencephaly, esophageal atresia, and twin pregnancies.

Placental Transfer

The transfer of drugs across the placenta is facilitated by certain properties, including low molecular weight and non-ionization.
The placenta can transfer IgG antibodies, which can cause hemolysis in the fetus.

Fetal Development

The risk of post-maturity is increased in certain conditions, including fetal distress and hypertension.
The presence of meconium during labor has little significance.

Pelvis

The gynecoid pelvis is the most common type, occurring in 60% of patients.
The conjugate diagonal and oblique diameters are similar in the gynecoid pelvis.

Oxytocin

Oxytocin is an octapeptide hormone.
It can cause antidiuretic effects in high doses.

Prostaglandins

Prostaglandins are used to stimulate uterine contractions.
They can cause diarrhea and should be used carefully in patients with asthma.

Forceps

The left branch of forceps is called the "left branch" because it relates to the left hip of the mother.

Abortion

An inevitable abortion is characterized by a permeable os and cervical dilation.
It can occur in any trimester of pregnancy.

Pre-Eclampsia

The most common retinal change associated with pre-eclampsia is arteriolar spasm.

Labor

The third stage of labor is the period of placental delivery.
The second plane of Hodges is the level of the biparietal diameter at the level of the sacral vertebrae.

Placental Separation

The mechanism of placental separation where the placenta separates laterally, producing bleeding before the placenta is expelled, is called the Duncan mechanism.

Urticaria

The most common cause of urticaria is food.

Melanoma

The most common site of melanoma origin is the nevus of union.

Medications

Certain medications, such as propanolol, can cause pulmonary edema.
Rifampicin is primarily eliminated through the bile.

Anemia

The type of anemia that occurs with more than 15% reticulocytes is hemolytic anemia.

Burns

The most common cause of death in patients with extensive burns is septicemia.

Disphagia

The most common cause of dysphagia in adults is esophagitis.

Pleural Effusion

The most common cause of serofibrinous pleural effusion is tuberculosis.

Fungi

Histoplasma capsulatum is a type of fungus that commonly infects the lungs.

Neurology

The type of fungus that commonly infects the lungs is histoplasma capsulatum.
A patient presenting with sudden unconsciousness and right hemiplegia, without hypertension, with atrial fibrillation, is likely to have an embolic stroke.