Breast and Liver Pathology Quiz

A condition where there is an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. This can lead to various symptoms including bone pain, muscle weakness, and fatigue.

A condition where there is a low level of phosphate in the blood. This can be a symptom of various conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, kidney disease, and malnutrition.

A condition where the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps regulate calcium levels in the blood, but excessive PTH can lead to hypercalcemia, bone weakness, and kidney stones.

A group of blood tests used to assess the health of the liver. They measure liver enzymes, bilirubin levels, and other markers. Abnormalities in these values can indicate liver damage or dysfunction.

High levels of certain enzymes, like AST and ALT, in the blood. This often indicates liver cell damage or inflammation, and can be a sign of liver disease.

Blood tests used to assess the ability of blood to clot. They measure how long it takes for blood to form a clot. Abnormalities can indicate problems with clotting factors, potentially due to liver disease.

Also known as End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), where the kidneys are severely damaged and unable to filter waste from the blood. Symptoms include fatigue, swelling, loss of appetite, and high blood pressure.

A kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria (large amounts of protein in urine), low blood albumin, edema, and high cholesterol.

A group of non-cancerous breast conditions characterized by abnormal cell growth. Notable examples include complex sclerosing lesions, duct ectasia, epithelial hyperplasia, fibrocystic change, and papilloma.

The presence or absence of axillary lymph node metastases is the most critical predictor of breast cancer outcome. It indicates whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.

A characteristic mammographic pattern associated with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). These calcifications resemble fine, branching lines.

A specific staining technique used to visualize iron deposits in tissues, particularly in liver biopsies. The iron granules appear blue-black under the microscope.

A condition characterized by the accumulation of fat (triglycerides) within the liver cells. It can be caused by various factors, such as alcoholism, obesity, and diabetes.

A rare genetic disorder that does not cause hepatic steatosis (fatty liver). It primarily affects the liver's ability to excrete bilirubin, a breakdown product of red blood cells.

Gallstones can lead to complications such as cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation), cholangitis (bile duct infection), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

In cases of gallstones, if surgery is not desired, close monitoring for potential complications is essential. The clinician should explain the risks and benefits of both surgical and conservative management.

A condition where the parathyroid glands overproduce parathyroid hormone due to low calcium levels in the blood, usually caused by chronic kidney failure.

A bone disease caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism, characterized by bone pain and cysts.

A condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone, leading to symptoms like cold intolerance and sluggishness.

An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid, leading to hypothyroidism.

Antibodies targeting components of the thyroid gland, often found in Hashimoto thyroiditis.

A research approach involving comparing groups of subjects with different conditions to understand the underlying disease processes.

Abnormalities observed in tissues, often under a microscope, used to diagnose and understand diseases.

The range of different types and variations of a disease, from mild to severe.

A condition caused by a benign tumor in the adrenal gland that produces an excess of aldosterone. This leads to high blood pressure, low potassium levels, and water retention.

Somatostatin, a hormone produced in the pancreas and hypothalamus, inhibits the release of several hormones, including growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin. However, it does not directly affect prolactin or thyrotrophin.

A rare tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine. This leads to increased urinary excretion of these hormones and their metabolites, except for serotonin.

A type of thyroid cancer that arises from the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland. It is characterized by the production of calcitonin and amyloid deposits.

A benign tumor of the pituitary gland that produces excess prolactin. It can cause menstrual irregularities, infertility, and galactorrhea (milk production) in women and impotence in men.

An autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland, resulting in hyperthyroidism. It is characterized by antibodies against the TSH receptor, leading to increased thyroid hormone production.

AGEs are formed when sugars bind to proteins, causing damage to the proteins and making them more resistant to breakdown. This plays a role in complications of diabetes, leading to tissue damage.

An inflammatory condition of the thyroid gland that occurs following a viral infection. It is characterized by a transient hyperthyroid phase followed by hypothyroidism.

Endometriosis is a condition where endometrial tissue, which normally lines the inside of the uterus, grows outside the uterus. This can happen in places like the ovaries, uterine ligaments, pelvic peritoneum, and the cul-de-sac.

Leiomyosarcoma is a type of cancer that develops in smooth muscle tissue, like the muscle in the uterus. It's distinguished from benign leiomyomas by its aggressive growth and microscopic features.

A mature cystic teratoma is a type of ovarian tumor that contains different types of tissue, like hair, teeth, and skin. It's usually benign and grows slowly.

Endometriosis can cause irregular menstrual cycles, pelvic pain, and infertility. It's often diagnosed with ultrasound, which can show cysts on the ovaries or other pelvic structures.

Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes protein to leak from the blood into the urine. While there are many causes, in children, it's most commonly caused by minimal change disease.

Minimal Change Disease (MCD) is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. It affects the filtering system in the kidneys, leading to protein leakage in the urine.

Leiomyosarcoma is a cancerous tumor of smooth muscle, while Leiomyoma is a benign tumor of smooth muscle. Leiomyosarcoma is distinguished by increased cell division (mitotic index), abnormal cell appearance (nuclear atypia), and potentially necrotic zones (dead cells).

Dysgerminoma is a cancerous germ cell tumor of the ovary. Teratomas, in contrast, are usually benign and can be either cystic or solid. They arise from germ cells and can contain various tissues like hair, teeth, and skin.

A highly cellular tumor composed of small round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, located in the midline of the cerebellum.

A highly aggressive and infiltrative brain tumor, considered a variant of astrocytoma.

Grade IV/IV

Candida infection

A precancerous condition where abnormal cells are confined to the epithelial layer and have not invaded deeper tissues.

It indicates a high risk of progressing to invasive cervical cancer.

A procedure using a magnifying device to examine the cervix and vagina, often followed by a biopsy to investigate abnormal findings.

Low-grade SIL (Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion) refers to mild dysplasia, while high-grade SIL indicates more severe abnormal cell growth, closer to invasive cancer.