Medical Conditions and Symptoms Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which symptom is most commonly associated with mumps?

  • Barking cough
  • Itchy skin lesion
  • Parotid gland swelling (correct)
  • Jaundice

Which disease is primarily spread through respiratory droplets?

  • Tuberculosis (correct)
  • AIDS
  • Cholera
  • Shigellosis

What is the hallmark characteristic of E.coli 0157-H7 infection?

  • Purulent exudate from male urethra
  • Bull's-eye rash
  • Slapped cheek
  • Bloody diarrhea (correct)

Which virus primarily affects infants and young children, causing gastrointestinal issues?

<p>Rotavirus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with extreme itching of the vagina?

<p>Candidiasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is classically associated with Pertussis?

<p>Barking cough (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark symptom of an infection caused by Escherichia coli 0157-H7?

<p>Bloody diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the presence of organisms multiplying actively in the blood?

<p>Septicemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which toxin is associated with Escherichia coli 0157-H7 and is responsible for significant intestinal damage?

<p>Shiga toxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about norovirus and rotavirus is true?

<p>Norovirus is more common in adults. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary causative agent of urinary tract infections acquired outside of health care settings?

<p>Escherichia coli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes Treponema pallidum?

<p>A strict parasite needing living host cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stages of syphilis is Treponema pallidum transmissible?

<p>During primary and secondary stages and early latency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is caused by the organism associated with cattle?

<p>Brucellosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is responsible for trichomoniasis?

<p>Protozoan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sign or symptom is a hallmark of primary syphilis?

<p>Painless sore at the infection site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organism type is linked to rabies transmitted by bats?

<p>Virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is responsible for the disease mononucleosis?

<p>Epstein-Barr virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Streptococcus pyogenes in human health?

<p>It can lead to pharyngitis and, if untreated, to more serious conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of enveloped viruses?

<p>They contain a capsid, nucleic acid, and an envelope. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the refolding of normal cellular PrP into disease-causing PrP?

<p>Interaction with prion PrP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strain of fungus is responsible for causing tinea versicolor?

<p>Malassezia furfur. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of prions that differentiates them from other infectious agents?

<p>They have no nucleic acid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hemolysis is caused by beta-hemolytic staphylococci and streptococci?

<p>Complete hemolysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of low blood pressure in a patient with increased breathing rate?

<p>Respiratory alkalosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism causes Lyme disease?

<p>Gram-negative spirochete (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'saprophytic' refer to in the context of fungi?

<p>Fungi that decompose dead and decaying organic matter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common post-infection sequela of Streptococcus pyogenes infections?

<p>Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases can accompany untreated pharyngitis caused by streptococcal infection?

<p>Glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are typically associated with initial HIV infection?

<p>Fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, and neurological changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of retroviruses allows them to cause long-term effects on host DNA?

<p>They can integrate into the host genome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential outcome may occur 10-20 years after the onset of initial symptoms in Chagas disease?

<p>Fatal congestive heart failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is NOT a causative agent of influenza?

<p>Influenza D (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV?

<p>It catalyzes the replication of DNA from RNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does neuraminidase play in the influenza virus?

<p>Breaks down mucous in the respiratory tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT commonly associated with Chagas disease?

<p>Severe joint pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that contributes to its virulence?

<p>Presence of mycolic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is often referred to as 'walking pneumonia'?

<p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the 2009 H1N1 'Swine flu' variant is true?

<p>It caused massive cytokine storm and multiorgan failure in some patients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason tuberculosis has remained a significant disease killer?

<p>Resistance to many antimicrobial drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

<p>Presence of a cell wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the influenza virus is responsible for binding to host cell receptors?

<p>Hemagglutinin (H) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Norovirus

A viral infection that causes stomach problems like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It is more common in adults than children.

Rotavirus

A viral infection that causes stomach problems, particularly in infants and young children. There is a vaccine available.

Bacillus cereus

A bacterium that can cause food poisoning by producing toxins in food. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

E. coli 0157:H7

A type of E. coli bacteria that can cause severe bloody diarrhea. It can lead to serious complications and is often linked to contaminated food.

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Septicemia

A bacterial infection that can occur when bacteria spread into the bloodstream. It can be caused by various bacteria, including MRSA, and sometimes by fungi.

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Beta-hemolytic bacteria

A type of bacteria that produces the enzyme beta-hemolysin, causing the breakdown of red blood cells in blood agar. They are commonly associated with infections such as pharyngitis, which can lead to serious complications like glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever.

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Staphylococcus aureus

A species of bacteria known for its ability to produce beta-hemolysin. It is a major cause of skin infections and can also cause more serious diseases like pneumonia and food poisoning.

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Streptococcus pyogenes

A species of bacteria known for its ability to produce beta-hemolysin. It is often found on the skin and is a common cause of skin infections.

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Naked virus

A virus that lacks an outer lipid envelope and only has a protein capsid surrounding its genetic material.

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Enveloped virus

A virus that has an outer lipid envelope, in addition to a protein capsid, surrounding its genetic material.

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Prions

Infectious agents composed solely of proteins, lacking any genetic material. They cause diseases by misfolding normal proteins in the brain.

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Pityriasis versicolor

A fungal skin infection caused by the Malassezia furfur fungus. It is characterized by changes in skin pigmentation, resulting in patches that are lighter or darker than the surrounding skin.

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Tinea

A common fungal infection of the skin, usually caused by various dermatophytes.

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Lyme Disease

A bacterial infection characterized by fever, headache, fatigue, and a distinctive skin rash called erythema migrans. It is spread through tick bites and caused by the gram-negative spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.

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Endocarditis

A bacterial infection that can affect the heart valves and inner lining of the heart. It often occurs when bacteria from other parts of the body, such as the mouth, enter the bloodstream.

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Hyperventilation Syndrome

A condition characterized by increased breathing rate and respiratory alkalosis, often accompanied by low blood pressure.

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Post-Infection Sequela

A type of infection that occurs after another infection, often a bacterial infection, and is caused by the body's immune response.

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Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

A type of post-infection sequela that affects the kidneys, often following a strep throat or skin infection.

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Chagas Disease

A parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, often transmitted through the bite of an infected insect.

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What is a CA-UTI?

A type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that occurs in a healthcare setting, often associated with the use of catheters.

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What is the most common cause of UTIs?

A bacterial species commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract, responsible for roughly 80% of UTIs.

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What is Treponema pallidum?

The causative agent of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection.

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What is primary syphilis?

The first stage of syphilis, marked by the appearance of a painless sore called a chancre.

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What is secondary syphilis?

The second stage of syphilis, characterized by a rash, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.

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What is tertiary syphilis?

The final and most serious stage of syphilis, characterized by damage to the heart, brain, and other organs.

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What is the latent period of syphilis?

The period between the stages of syphilis where the infection is inactive but still present.

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How is syphilis transmitted?

The transfer of syphilis from an infected person to another, possible through direct contact with the sores or during early latency.

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Influenza Virus Structure

Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a lipoprotein envelope with glycoprotein spikes. These spikes are composed of hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), which play crucial roles in viral attachment and release. They also have an RNA genome, with 10 genes encoded on 8 RNA strands.

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Influenza Viral Attachment and Release

The hemagglutinin (H) protein on the influenza virus binds to receptors on the host cell's respiratory mucosa, allowing the virus to enter the cell. Neuraminidase (N) breaks down mucus in the respiratory tract, aiding in viral release and spread.

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2009 H1N1 Pandemic Strain

The 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain of influenza was notable for its ability to bind more efficiently to lower regions of the respiratory tract. This resulted in a more intense "cytokine storm", leading to severe inflammation and potentially multi-organ system failure. Some patients experienced unusual symptoms like gastrointestinal distress without a fever.

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Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis is a highly contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is characterized by slow growth of the bacteria due to the presence of mycolic acid, which also provides resistance to phagocytosis by macrophages and antimicrobial drugs.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence Factors

Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses mycolic acid, a unique waxy substance that gives it several advantages. Mycolic acid contributes to the bacteria's slow growth rate, resistance to breakdown by macrophages, ability to survive within cells, and resistance to many antibiotics.

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a very small bacterium lacking a cell wall, which gives it its unique characteristic of being able to mimic human cell surfaces. It is responsible for a common respiratory infection known as "walking pneumonia".

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Walking Pneumonia

"Walking pneumonia" is a mild form of pneumonia often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It is characterized by less severe symptoms compared to traditional pneumonia, allowing individuals to remain active while infected.

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Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) can develop in individuals who are on mechanical ventilation. It is often caused by bacteria that colonize the respiratory tract, like Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and can be a serious complication of respiratory illnesses.

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Pertussis

A type of bacterial infection characterized by a severe, persistent cough often described as 'whooping' due to the high-pitched sound produced during inhalation.

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Mumps

A viral infection that causes swelling of the parotid glands, located in the cheeks, leading to a characteristic facial swelling.

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Croup

A bacterial infection known for its characteristic 'barking' cough, particularly in children, often accompanied by difficulty breathing.

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Schistosomiasis

A parasitic infection caused by the worm Schistosoma, spread through contact with infected water. It causes inflammation and damage to the liver, bladder, and intestines.

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Ebola

An infectious disease caused by the Ebola virus, characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and severe internal bleeding, often leading to organ failure and death. Transmission occurs through contact with bodily fluids.

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Study Notes

Final Exam Review Summary

  • Table 11.1 Sites Previously Known to Harbor Normal Microbiota:
    • Skin and adjacent mucous membranes
    • Upper respiratory tract
    • Gastrointestinal tract (including mouth)
    • Outer portion of urethra
    • External genitalia
    • Vagina
    • External ear canal
    • External eye (lids, conjunctiva)
  • Additional Sites Now Thought to Harbor At Least Some Normal Microbiota (or Their DNA):
    • Lungs (lower respiratory tract)
    • Bladder (and urine)
    • Breast milk
    • Amniotic fluid and fetus
    • Sites in which DNA from microbiota has been detected: Brain, Bloodstream

Beta Hemolytic Staphylococci & Streptococci Examples

  • Examples of Bacteria:
    • Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Streptococcus agalactiae
    • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Enzymatic Action: These pathogens produce the enzyme beta-hemolyse, causing hemolysis of erythrocytes.
  • Diagnostic Test: Blood agar test is used to detect the presence of these bacteria and their hemolytic activity.
  • Another Strep Infection Test: Rapid test for the presence of Streptolysin O
  • Antistreptolysin O Titer (ASO):
    • Positive if >200 IU/mL, detecting antibodies to streptolysin O produced by group A streptococci.
    • Titer peaks at 4-6 weeks and remains elevated for 1 year.
    • Often positive in streptococcal infections (e.g., upper airway infections, scarlet fever. post-streptococcal infections(e.g., glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever)).
    • Can also be positive in some bacterial infections (false positive).
  • Streptococcal Infection Complications: If untreated, pharyngitis may lead to glomerulonephritis (kidney disease) or rheumatic fever (heart disease).

Naked & Enveloped Viruses

  • Virus Structure:
    • Naked virus: Capsid containing nucleic acid, missing envelope
    • Enveloped virus: Capsid containing nucleic acid, surrounded by envelope
  • Parts of both viruses: Capsid, Spike, Nucleic Acid, Envelope

Other Parasitic Particles: Viroids and Prions

  • Characteristics of Prions:
    • Proteinaceous infectious agents
    • Cellular PrP (present in all mammals, Normal and functional).
    • Disease-causing form PrPSc (has β-pleated sheets); PrPSc causes cellular PrP to refold into another prion PrPSc .
  • Microscopic view: Normal brain tissue vs Spongiform encephalopathy (brain, a disease caused by these particles)

Skin Infections

  • Fungal Skin Infections:
    • Fungi are decomposers, saprophytes.
    • Skin's superficial layer (stratum corneum) is composed of dead skin cells, frequently colonized by fungi.
    • Pityriasis versicolor (or tinea versicolor) is caused by Malassezia furfur.
    • It is characterized by hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation of the skin; hence, it is called versicolor.

GastroInfectious Diseases Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract

  • Norovirus and Rotavirus:
    • Norovirus: Common in adults, causing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. No vaccine.
    • Rotavirus: Common in infants and young children, causing similar issues. There is a vaccine to prevent rotavirus.

Causative Agents of Food Poisoning

  • Bacillus cereus:
    • Gram-positive, rod-shaped facultative anaerobic bacterium.
    • Causes emetic (vomiting) and diarrheal symptoms.
    • Emetic: Associated with cooked rice or starches left at room temperature for extended periods.
    • Diarrheal: Related to consumed meats and pre-cooked meals stored improperly.
  • Traveler's Diarrhea: Various enteric bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella) cause digestive tract disturbances (loose stools, cramps). Usually mild.
  • Escherichia coli 0157-H7: Bloody diarrhea (hallmark symptom). Produces shiga toxin that damages intestines and causes systemic issues.

Helicobacter pylori

  • Causative agent of stomach ulcers and cancer:
    • Helicobacter pylori (neutralizes stomach acid)
    • Invades stomach lining: The bacteria invade the mucus and attach to gastric epithelial cells.
    • Toxins, inflammation, and thinning of mucus layer: Its toxins and inflammation cause the layer of mucus to thin down.
    • Gastric acid damage: Gastric acid then destroys the epithelial cells and underlying tissue.

Infectious Diseases Affecting Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems

  • Septicemia: Bacteria or viruses actively multiply in the blood.
    • Common cause: MRSA
    • Symptoms include fever, altered mental state, shaking, chills, gastrointestinal issues, increased respiration rate with respiratory alkalosis, and low blood pressure.
    • 10% are due to fungal infections

Lyme Disease

  • Borrelia burgdorferi: Gram-negative spirochete transmitted by ticks.
  • Symptoms: Fever, headache, fatigue, and characteristic skin rash (erythema migrans).

Chagas Disease

  • Trypanosoma cruzi: Protozoan transmitted by kissing bugs (Triatoma).
  • Symptoms: Swelling at infection site, fever, fatigue, malaise, body aches, headache, and loss of appetite.
    • Long-term complications: Fatal congestive heart failure (10–20 years after initial infection).

HIV Infection and AIDS

  • Signs and Symptoms: Spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms associated with the virus, directly tied to virus levels in blood and T-cell levels. Initial symptoms include fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, neurological changes, and opportunistic infections/cancers.
  • Causative Agent: HIV, a retrovirus in the Lentivirus genus, capable of altering host DNA.

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System

  • Influenza:
    • Caused by Influenza A, B, and C viruses (Orthomyxoviridae).
    • Structure: Lipoprotein envelope, glycoprotein spikes (hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)).
    • Genetic material: 10 genes on 8 RNA strands (ssRNA genome).
    • Pathogenesis Factors: Virus binds ciliated respiratory cells, causing severe inflammation (cytokine storm). Hemagglutinin (H) binds to host cell receptors, neuraminidase (N) breaks down mucous, assisting in virus budding/release. 2009 H1N1 swine flu: Efficient binding to respiratory tract, resulting in a severe cytokine storm, and many patients experienced complications beyond just the flu.

Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System

  • Tuberculosis:
    • Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
    • Leading cause of death worldwide (declining in industrialized countries), with initial symptoms including mild cough and fever often remaining undiagnosed.
    • Pathogens and virulence factors: Presence of mycolic acid (unique bacterial features), slow growth, protective against macrophage lysis, and intracellular growth; resistance to antimicrobial drugs.
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Small bacterium lacking a cell wall, causative agent of "walking pneumonia". Characterized by its resistant nature to the immune system due to its similarities to host cell components.

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary System

  • Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs):
    • Causative agents: 95% of UTIs are caused by normal gastrointestinal tract biota, notably Escherichia coli (80% of UTIs). Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterococcus are other common causes.
    • Distinguish between UTIs acquired in healthcare facilities (CA-UTIs) and those acquired outside.

Syphilis

  • Causative agent: Treponema pallidum, a spirochete (thin, regularly coiled bacterium) with a gram-negative cell wall. Strict parasite, requiring host cells for cultivation.
  • Stages: Primary, secondary (highly transmissible), tertiary syphilis, and latency periods of varying lengths. Early syphilis is relatively transmissible. Tertiary and late latent periods are less so.

Additional Information

  • Match the animal association with the disease: (This section requires the reference material to complete, as it's a matching exercise; complete answers cannot be generated without the original matching questions.)
  • Match the disease/organism with the organism type: (Requires original prompt for answers)
  • Match the disease with its description: (Needs the reference material)
  • Match the disease with the sign or symptom description: (Needs the reference material)
  • Match the sign/symptom with the disease: (Needs the reference material)
  • Match the disease with how it is spread: (Needs the reference material)
  • Match the disease with the description of the type of person mostly likely to get the disease: (Needs the reference material)
  • Some terms: Definitions of various medical terms related to infections.

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