Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which symptom is most commonly associated with mumps?
Which symptom is most commonly associated with mumps?
- Barking cough
- Itchy skin lesion
- Parotid gland swelling (correct)
- Jaundice
Which disease is primarily spread through respiratory droplets?
Which disease is primarily spread through respiratory droplets?
- Tuberculosis (correct)
- AIDS
- Cholera
- Shigellosis
What is the hallmark characteristic of E.coli 0157-H7 infection?
What is the hallmark characteristic of E.coli 0157-H7 infection?
- Purulent exudate from male urethra
- Bull's-eye rash
- Slapped cheek
- Bloody diarrhea (correct)
Which virus primarily affects infants and young children, causing gastrointestinal issues?
Which virus primarily affects infants and young children, causing gastrointestinal issues?
Which condition is associated with extreme itching of the vagina?
Which condition is associated with extreme itching of the vagina?
What symptom is classically associated with Pertussis?
What symptom is classically associated with Pertussis?
What is a hallmark symptom of an infection caused by Escherichia coli 0157-H7?
What is a hallmark symptom of an infection caused by Escherichia coli 0157-H7?
Which condition is characterized by the presence of organisms multiplying actively in the blood?
Which condition is characterized by the presence of organisms multiplying actively in the blood?
Which toxin is associated with Escherichia coli 0157-H7 and is responsible for significant intestinal damage?
Which toxin is associated with Escherichia coli 0157-H7 and is responsible for significant intestinal damage?
Which of the following statements about norovirus and rotavirus is true?
Which of the following statements about norovirus and rotavirus is true?
What is the primary causative agent of urinary tract infections acquired outside of health care settings?
What is the primary causative agent of urinary tract infections acquired outside of health care settings?
Which of the following correctly describes Treponema pallidum?
Which of the following correctly describes Treponema pallidum?
During which stages of syphilis is Treponema pallidum transmissible?
During which stages of syphilis is Treponema pallidum transmissible?
Which disease is caused by the organism associated with cattle?
Which disease is caused by the organism associated with cattle?
What type of organism is responsible for trichomoniasis?
What type of organism is responsible for trichomoniasis?
Which sign or symptom is a hallmark of primary syphilis?
Which sign or symptom is a hallmark of primary syphilis?
What organism type is linked to rabies transmitted by bats?
What organism type is linked to rabies transmitted by bats?
Which organism is responsible for the disease mononucleosis?
Which organism is responsible for the disease mononucleosis?
What is the significance of Streptococcus pyogenes in human health?
What is the significance of Streptococcus pyogenes in human health?
Which of the following best describes the structure of enveloped viruses?
Which of the following best describes the structure of enveloped viruses?
What causes the refolding of normal cellular PrP into disease-causing PrP?
What causes the refolding of normal cellular PrP into disease-causing PrP?
Which strain of fungus is responsible for causing tinea versicolor?
Which strain of fungus is responsible for causing tinea versicolor?
What is a characteristic of prions that differentiates them from other infectious agents?
What is a characteristic of prions that differentiates them from other infectious agents?
What type of hemolysis is caused by beta-hemolytic staphylococci and streptococci?
What type of hemolysis is caused by beta-hemolytic staphylococci and streptococci?
What is the hallmark of low blood pressure in a patient with increased breathing rate?
What is the hallmark of low blood pressure in a patient with increased breathing rate?
Which type of organism causes Lyme disease?
Which type of organism causes Lyme disease?
What does the term 'saprophytic' refer to in the context of fungi?
What does the term 'saprophytic' refer to in the context of fungi?
What is a common post-infection sequela of Streptococcus pyogenes infections?
What is a common post-infection sequela of Streptococcus pyogenes infections?
Which of the following diseases can accompany untreated pharyngitis caused by streptococcal infection?
Which of the following diseases can accompany untreated pharyngitis caused by streptococcal infection?
What symptoms are typically associated with initial HIV infection?
What symptoms are typically associated with initial HIV infection?
What characteristic of retroviruses allows them to cause long-term effects on host DNA?
What characteristic of retroviruses allows them to cause long-term effects on host DNA?
What potential outcome may occur 10-20 years after the onset of initial symptoms in Chagas disease?
What potential outcome may occur 10-20 years after the onset of initial symptoms in Chagas disease?
Which virus is NOT a causative agent of influenza?
Which virus is NOT a causative agent of influenza?
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV?
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV?
What role does neuraminidase play in the influenza virus?
What role does neuraminidase play in the influenza virus?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with Chagas disease?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with Chagas disease?
What is a notable feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that contributes to its virulence?
What is a notable feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that contributes to its virulence?
What condition is often referred to as 'walking pneumonia'?
What condition is often referred to as 'walking pneumonia'?
Which statement about the 2009 H1N1 'Swine flu' variant is true?
Which statement about the 2009 H1N1 'Swine flu' variant is true?
What is the primary reason tuberculosis has remained a significant disease killer?
What is the primary reason tuberculosis has remained a significant disease killer?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Which part of the influenza virus is responsible for binding to host cell receptors?
Which part of the influenza virus is responsible for binding to host cell receptors?
Flashcards
Norovirus
Norovirus
A viral infection that causes stomach problems like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It is more common in adults than children.
Rotavirus
Rotavirus
A viral infection that causes stomach problems, particularly in infants and young children. There is a vaccine available.
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
A bacterium that can cause food poisoning by producing toxins in food. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
E. coli 0157:H7
E. coli 0157:H7
A type of E. coli bacteria that can cause severe bloody diarrhea. It can lead to serious complications and is often linked to contaminated food.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Septicemia
Septicemia
A bacterial infection that can occur when bacteria spread into the bloodstream. It can be caused by various bacteria, including MRSA, and sometimes by fungi.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Beta-hemolytic bacteria
Beta-hemolytic bacteria
A type of bacteria that produces the enzyme beta-hemolysin, causing the breakdown of red blood cells in blood agar. They are commonly associated with infections such as pharyngitis, which can lead to serious complications like glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
A species of bacteria known for its ability to produce beta-hemolysin. It is a major cause of skin infections and can also cause more serious diseases like pneumonia and food poisoning.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pyogenes
A species of bacteria known for its ability to produce beta-hemolysin. It is often found on the skin and is a common cause of skin infections.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Naked virus
Naked virus
A virus that lacks an outer lipid envelope and only has a protein capsid surrounding its genetic material.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Enveloped virus
Enveloped virus
A virus that has an outer lipid envelope, in addition to a protein capsid, surrounding its genetic material.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prions
Prions
Infectious agents composed solely of proteins, lacking any genetic material. They cause diseases by misfolding normal proteins in the brain.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pityriasis versicolor
Pityriasis versicolor
A fungal skin infection caused by the Malassezia furfur fungus. It is characterized by changes in skin pigmentation, resulting in patches that are lighter or darker than the surrounding skin.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tinea
Tinea
A common fungal infection of the skin, usually caused by various dermatophytes.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease
A bacterial infection characterized by fever, headache, fatigue, and a distinctive skin rash called erythema migrans. It is spread through tick bites and caused by the gram-negative spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Endocarditis
Endocarditis
A bacterial infection that can affect the heart valves and inner lining of the heart. It often occurs when bacteria from other parts of the body, such as the mouth, enter the bloodstream.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hyperventilation Syndrome
Hyperventilation Syndrome
A condition characterized by increased breathing rate and respiratory alkalosis, often accompanied by low blood pressure.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Post-Infection Sequela
Post-Infection Sequela
A type of infection that occurs after another infection, often a bacterial infection, and is caused by the body's immune response.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
A type of post-infection sequela that affects the kidneys, often following a strep throat or skin infection.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chagas Disease
Chagas Disease
A parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, often transmitted through the bite of an infected insect.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a CA-UTI?
What is a CA-UTI?
A type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that occurs in a healthcare setting, often associated with the use of catheters.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the most common cause of UTIs?
What is the most common cause of UTIs?
A bacterial species commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract, responsible for roughly 80% of UTIs.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Treponema pallidum?
What is Treponema pallidum?
The causative agent of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is primary syphilis?
What is primary syphilis?
The first stage of syphilis, marked by the appearance of a painless sore called a chancre.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is secondary syphilis?
What is secondary syphilis?
The second stage of syphilis, characterized by a rash, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is tertiary syphilis?
What is tertiary syphilis?
The final and most serious stage of syphilis, characterized by damage to the heart, brain, and other organs.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the latent period of syphilis?
What is the latent period of syphilis?
The period between the stages of syphilis where the infection is inactive but still present.
Signup and view all the flashcards
How is syphilis transmitted?
How is syphilis transmitted?
The transfer of syphilis from an infected person to another, possible through direct contact with the sores or during early latency.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Influenza Virus Structure
Influenza Virus Structure
Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a lipoprotein envelope with glycoprotein spikes. These spikes are composed of hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), which play crucial roles in viral attachment and release. They also have an RNA genome, with 10 genes encoded on 8 RNA strands.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Influenza Viral Attachment and Release
Influenza Viral Attachment and Release
The hemagglutinin (H) protein on the influenza virus binds to receptors on the host cell's respiratory mucosa, allowing the virus to enter the cell. Neuraminidase (N) breaks down mucus in the respiratory tract, aiding in viral release and spread.
Signup and view all the flashcards
2009 H1N1 Pandemic Strain
2009 H1N1 Pandemic Strain
The 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain of influenza was notable for its ability to bind more efficiently to lower regions of the respiratory tract. This resulted in a more intense "cytokine storm", leading to severe inflammation and potentially multi-organ system failure. Some patients experienced unusual symptoms like gastrointestinal distress without a fever.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tuberculosis (TB)
Tuberculosis (TB)
Tuberculosis is a highly contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is characterized by slow growth of the bacteria due to the presence of mycolic acid, which also provides resistance to phagocytosis by macrophages and antimicrobial drugs.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence Factors
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence Factors
Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses mycolic acid, a unique waxy substance that gives it several advantages. Mycolic acid contributes to the bacteria's slow growth rate, resistance to breakdown by macrophages, ability to survive within cells, and resistance to many antibiotics.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a very small bacterium lacking a cell wall, which gives it its unique characteristic of being able to mimic human cell surfaces. It is responsible for a common respiratory infection known as "walking pneumonia".
Signup and view all the flashcards
Walking Pneumonia
Walking Pneumonia
"Walking pneumonia" is a mild form of pneumonia often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It is characterized by less severe symptoms compared to traditional pneumonia, allowing individuals to remain active while infected.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) can develop in individuals who are on mechanical ventilation. It is often caused by bacteria that colonize the respiratory tract, like Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and can be a serious complication of respiratory illnesses.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pertussis
Pertussis
A type of bacterial infection characterized by a severe, persistent cough often described as 'whooping' due to the high-pitched sound produced during inhalation.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mumps
Mumps
A viral infection that causes swelling of the parotid glands, located in the cheeks, leading to a characteristic facial swelling.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Croup
Croup
A bacterial infection known for its characteristic 'barking' cough, particularly in children, often accompanied by difficulty breathing.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis
A parasitic infection caused by the worm Schistosoma, spread through contact with infected water. It causes inflammation and damage to the liver, bladder, and intestines.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ebola
Ebola
An infectious disease caused by the Ebola virus, characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and severe internal bleeding, often leading to organ failure and death. Transmission occurs through contact with bodily fluids.
Signup and view all the flashcardsStudy Notes
Final Exam Review Summary
- Table 11.1 Sites Previously Known to Harbor Normal Microbiota:
- Skin and adjacent mucous membranes
- Upper respiratory tract
- Gastrointestinal tract (including mouth)
- Outer portion of urethra
- External genitalia
- Vagina
- External ear canal
- External eye (lids, conjunctiva)
- Additional Sites Now Thought to Harbor At Least Some Normal Microbiota (or Their DNA):
- Lungs (lower respiratory tract)
- Bladder (and urine)
- Breast milk
- Amniotic fluid and fetus
- Sites in which DNA from microbiota has been detected: Brain, Bloodstream
Beta Hemolytic Staphylococci & Streptococci Examples
- Examples of Bacteria:
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Enzymatic Action: These pathogens produce the enzyme beta-hemolyse, causing hemolysis of erythrocytes.
- Diagnostic Test: Blood agar test is used to detect the presence of these bacteria and their hemolytic activity.
- Another Strep Infection Test: Rapid test for the presence of Streptolysin O
- Antistreptolysin O Titer (ASO):
- Positive if >200 IU/mL, detecting antibodies to streptolysin O produced by group A streptococci.
- Titer peaks at 4-6 weeks and remains elevated for 1 year.
- Often positive in streptococcal infections (e.g., upper airway infections, scarlet fever. post-streptococcal infections(e.g., glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever)).
- Can also be positive in some bacterial infections (false positive).
- Streptococcal Infection Complications: If untreated, pharyngitis may lead to glomerulonephritis (kidney disease) or rheumatic fever (heart disease).
Naked & Enveloped Viruses
- Virus Structure:
- Naked virus: Capsid containing nucleic acid, missing envelope
- Enveloped virus: Capsid containing nucleic acid, surrounded by envelope
- Parts of both viruses: Capsid, Spike, Nucleic Acid, Envelope
Other Parasitic Particles: Viroids and Prions
- Characteristics of Prions:
- Proteinaceous infectious agents
- Cellular PrP (present in all mammals, Normal and functional).
- Disease-causing form PrPSc (has β-pleated sheets); PrPSc causes cellular PrP to refold into another prion PrPSc .
- Microscopic view: Normal brain tissue vs Spongiform encephalopathy (brain, a disease caused by these particles)
Skin Infections
- Fungal Skin Infections:
- Fungi are decomposers, saprophytes.
- Skin's superficial layer (stratum corneum) is composed of dead skin cells, frequently colonized by fungi.
- Pityriasis versicolor (or tinea versicolor) is caused by Malassezia furfur.
- It is characterized by hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation of the skin; hence, it is called versicolor.
GastroInfectious Diseases Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Norovirus and Rotavirus:
- Norovirus: Common in adults, causing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. No vaccine.
- Rotavirus: Common in infants and young children, causing similar issues. There is a vaccine to prevent rotavirus.
Causative Agents of Food Poisoning
- Bacillus cereus:
- Gram-positive, rod-shaped facultative anaerobic bacterium.
- Causes emetic (vomiting) and diarrheal symptoms.
- Emetic: Associated with cooked rice or starches left at room temperature for extended periods.
- Diarrheal: Related to consumed meats and pre-cooked meals stored improperly.
- Traveler's Diarrhea: Various enteric bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella) cause digestive tract disturbances (loose stools, cramps). Usually mild.
- Escherichia coli 0157-H7: Bloody diarrhea (hallmark symptom). Produces shiga toxin that damages intestines and causes systemic issues.
Helicobacter pylori
- Causative agent of stomach ulcers and cancer:
- Helicobacter pylori (neutralizes stomach acid)
- Invades stomach lining: The bacteria invade the mucus and attach to gastric epithelial cells.
- Toxins, inflammation, and thinning of mucus layer: Its toxins and inflammation cause the layer of mucus to thin down.
- Gastric acid damage: Gastric acid then destroys the epithelial cells and underlying tissue.
Infectious Diseases Affecting Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems
- Septicemia: Bacteria or viruses actively multiply in the blood.
- Common cause: MRSA
- Symptoms include fever, altered mental state, shaking, chills, gastrointestinal issues, increased respiration rate with respiratory alkalosis, and low blood pressure.
- 10% are due to fungal infections
Lyme Disease
- Borrelia burgdorferi: Gram-negative spirochete transmitted by ticks.
- Symptoms: Fever, headache, fatigue, and characteristic skin rash (erythema migrans).
Chagas Disease
- Trypanosoma cruzi: Protozoan transmitted by kissing bugs (Triatoma).
- Symptoms: Swelling at infection site, fever, fatigue, malaise, body aches, headache, and loss of appetite.
- Long-term complications: Fatal congestive heart failure (10–20 years after initial infection).
HIV Infection and AIDS
- Signs and Symptoms: Spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms associated with the virus, directly tied to virus levels in blood and T-cell levels. Initial symptoms include fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, neurological changes, and opportunistic infections/cancers.
- Causative Agent: HIV, a retrovirus in the Lentivirus genus, capable of altering host DNA.
Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System
- Influenza:
- Caused by Influenza A, B, and C viruses (Orthomyxoviridae).
- Structure: Lipoprotein envelope, glycoprotein spikes (hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)).
- Genetic material: 10 genes on 8 RNA strands (ssRNA genome).
- Pathogenesis Factors: Virus binds ciliated respiratory cells, causing severe inflammation (cytokine storm). Hemagglutinin (H) binds to host cell receptors, neuraminidase (N) breaks down mucous, assisting in virus budding/release. 2009 H1N1 swine flu: Efficient binding to respiratory tract, resulting in a severe cytokine storm, and many patients experienced complications beyond just the flu.
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System
- Tuberculosis:
- Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Leading cause of death worldwide (declining in industrialized countries), with initial symptoms including mild cough and fever often remaining undiagnosed.
- Pathogens and virulence factors: Presence of mycolic acid (unique bacterial features), slow growth, protective against macrophage lysis, and intracellular growth; resistance to antimicrobial drugs.
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Small bacterium lacking a cell wall, causative agent of "walking pneumonia". Characterized by its resistant nature to the immune system due to its similarities to host cell components.
Infectious Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary System
- Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs):
- Causative agents: 95% of UTIs are caused by normal gastrointestinal tract biota, notably Escherichia coli (80% of UTIs). Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterococcus are other common causes.
- Distinguish between UTIs acquired in healthcare facilities (CA-UTIs) and those acquired outside.
Syphilis
- Causative agent: Treponema pallidum, a spirochete (thin, regularly coiled bacterium) with a gram-negative cell wall. Strict parasite, requiring host cells for cultivation.
- Stages: Primary, secondary (highly transmissible), tertiary syphilis, and latency periods of varying lengths. Early syphilis is relatively transmissible. Tertiary and late latent periods are less so.
Additional Information
- Match the animal association with the disease: (This section requires the reference material to complete, as it's a matching exercise; complete answers cannot be generated without the original matching questions.)
- Match the disease/organism with the organism type: (Requires original prompt for answers)
- Match the disease with its description: (Needs the reference material)
- Match the disease with the sign or symptom description: (Needs the reference material)
- Match the sign/symptom with the disease: (Needs the reference material)
- Match the disease with how it is spread: (Needs the reference material)
- Match the disease with the description of the type of person mostly likely to get the disease: (Needs the reference material)
- Some terms: Definitions of various medical terms related to infections.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
