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Questions and Answers
Which symptom is most commonly associated with mumps?
Which symptom is most commonly associated with mumps?
Which disease is primarily spread through respiratory droplets?
Which disease is primarily spread through respiratory droplets?
What is the hallmark characteristic of E.coli 0157-H7 infection?
What is the hallmark characteristic of E.coli 0157-H7 infection?
Which virus primarily affects infants and young children, causing gastrointestinal issues?
Which virus primarily affects infants and young children, causing gastrointestinal issues?
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Which condition is associated with extreme itching of the vagina?
Which condition is associated with extreme itching of the vagina?
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What symptom is classically associated with Pertussis?
What symptom is classically associated with Pertussis?
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What is a hallmark symptom of an infection caused by Escherichia coli 0157-H7?
What is a hallmark symptom of an infection caused by Escherichia coli 0157-H7?
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Which condition is characterized by the presence of organisms multiplying actively in the blood?
Which condition is characterized by the presence of organisms multiplying actively in the blood?
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Which toxin is associated with Escherichia coli 0157-H7 and is responsible for significant intestinal damage?
Which toxin is associated with Escherichia coli 0157-H7 and is responsible for significant intestinal damage?
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Which of the following statements about norovirus and rotavirus is true?
Which of the following statements about norovirus and rotavirus is true?
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What is the primary causative agent of urinary tract infections acquired outside of health care settings?
What is the primary causative agent of urinary tract infections acquired outside of health care settings?
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Which of the following correctly describes Treponema pallidum?
Which of the following correctly describes Treponema pallidum?
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During which stages of syphilis is Treponema pallidum transmissible?
During which stages of syphilis is Treponema pallidum transmissible?
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Which disease is caused by the organism associated with cattle?
Which disease is caused by the organism associated with cattle?
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What type of organism is responsible for trichomoniasis?
What type of organism is responsible for trichomoniasis?
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Which sign or symptom is a hallmark of primary syphilis?
Which sign or symptom is a hallmark of primary syphilis?
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What organism type is linked to rabies transmitted by bats?
What organism type is linked to rabies transmitted by bats?
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Which organism is responsible for the disease mononucleosis?
Which organism is responsible for the disease mononucleosis?
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What is the significance of Streptococcus pyogenes in human health?
What is the significance of Streptococcus pyogenes in human health?
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Which of the following best describes the structure of enveloped viruses?
Which of the following best describes the structure of enveloped viruses?
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What causes the refolding of normal cellular PrP into disease-causing PrP?
What causes the refolding of normal cellular PrP into disease-causing PrP?
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Which strain of fungus is responsible for causing tinea versicolor?
Which strain of fungus is responsible for causing tinea versicolor?
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What is a characteristic of prions that differentiates them from other infectious agents?
What is a characteristic of prions that differentiates them from other infectious agents?
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What type of hemolysis is caused by beta-hemolytic staphylococci and streptococci?
What type of hemolysis is caused by beta-hemolytic staphylococci and streptococci?
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What is the hallmark of low blood pressure in a patient with increased breathing rate?
What is the hallmark of low blood pressure in a patient with increased breathing rate?
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Which type of organism causes Lyme disease?
Which type of organism causes Lyme disease?
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What does the term 'saprophytic' refer to in the context of fungi?
What does the term 'saprophytic' refer to in the context of fungi?
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What is a common post-infection sequela of Streptococcus pyogenes infections?
What is a common post-infection sequela of Streptococcus pyogenes infections?
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Which of the following diseases can accompany untreated pharyngitis caused by streptococcal infection?
Which of the following diseases can accompany untreated pharyngitis caused by streptococcal infection?
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What symptoms are typically associated with initial HIV infection?
What symptoms are typically associated with initial HIV infection?
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What characteristic of retroviruses allows them to cause long-term effects on host DNA?
What characteristic of retroviruses allows them to cause long-term effects on host DNA?
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What potential outcome may occur 10-20 years after the onset of initial symptoms in Chagas disease?
What potential outcome may occur 10-20 years after the onset of initial symptoms in Chagas disease?
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Which virus is NOT a causative agent of influenza?
Which virus is NOT a causative agent of influenza?
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What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV?
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV?
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What role does neuraminidase play in the influenza virus?
What role does neuraminidase play in the influenza virus?
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What symptom is NOT commonly associated with Chagas disease?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with Chagas disease?
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What is a notable feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that contributes to its virulence?
What is a notable feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that contributes to its virulence?
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What condition is often referred to as 'walking pneumonia'?
What condition is often referred to as 'walking pneumonia'?
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Which statement about the 2009 H1N1 'Swine flu' variant is true?
Which statement about the 2009 H1N1 'Swine flu' variant is true?
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What is the primary reason tuberculosis has remained a significant disease killer?
What is the primary reason tuberculosis has remained a significant disease killer?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
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Which part of the influenza virus is responsible for binding to host cell receptors?
Which part of the influenza virus is responsible for binding to host cell receptors?
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Study Notes
Final Exam Review Summary
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Table 11.1 Sites Previously Known to Harbor Normal Microbiota:
- Skin and adjacent mucous membranes
- Upper respiratory tract
- Gastrointestinal tract (including mouth)
- Outer portion of urethra
- External genitalia
- Vagina
- External ear canal
- External eye (lids, conjunctiva)
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Additional Sites Now Thought to Harbor At Least Some Normal Microbiota (or Their DNA):
- Lungs (lower respiratory tract)
- Bladder (and urine)
- Breast milk
- Amniotic fluid and fetus
- Sites in which DNA from microbiota has been detected: Brain, Bloodstream
Beta Hemolytic Staphylococci & Streptococci Examples
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Examples of Bacteria:
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Enzymatic Action: These pathogens produce the enzyme beta-hemolyse, causing hemolysis of erythrocytes.
- Diagnostic Test: Blood agar test is used to detect the presence of these bacteria and their hemolytic activity.
- Another Strep Infection Test: Rapid test for the presence of Streptolysin O
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Antistreptolysin O Titer (ASO):
- Positive if >200 IU/mL, detecting antibodies to streptolysin O produced by group A streptococci.
- Titer peaks at 4-6 weeks and remains elevated for 1 year.
- Often positive in streptococcal infections (e.g., upper airway infections, scarlet fever. post-streptococcal infections(e.g., glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever)).
- Can also be positive in some bacterial infections (false positive).
- Streptococcal Infection Complications: If untreated, pharyngitis may lead to glomerulonephritis (kidney disease) or rheumatic fever (heart disease).
Naked & Enveloped Viruses
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Virus Structure:
- Naked virus: Capsid containing nucleic acid, missing envelope
- Enveloped virus: Capsid containing nucleic acid, surrounded by envelope
- Parts of both viruses: Capsid, Spike, Nucleic Acid, Envelope
Other Parasitic Particles: Viroids and Prions
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Characteristics of Prions:
- Proteinaceous infectious agents
- Cellular PrP (present in all mammals, Normal and functional).
- Disease-causing form PrPSc (has β-pleated sheets); PrPSc causes cellular PrP to refold into another prion PrPSc .
- Microscopic view: Normal brain tissue vs Spongiform encephalopathy (brain, a disease caused by these particles)
Skin Infections
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Fungal Skin Infections:
- Fungi are decomposers, saprophytes.
- Skin's superficial layer (stratum corneum) is composed of dead skin cells, frequently colonized by fungi.
- Pityriasis versicolor (or tinea versicolor) is caused by Malassezia furfur.
- It is characterized by hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation of the skin; hence, it is called versicolor.
GastroInfectious Diseases Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract
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Norovirus and Rotavirus:
- Norovirus: Common in adults, causing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. No vaccine.
- Rotavirus: Common in infants and young children, causing similar issues. There is a vaccine to prevent rotavirus.
Causative Agents of Food Poisoning
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Bacillus cereus:
- Gram-positive, rod-shaped facultative anaerobic bacterium.
- Causes emetic (vomiting) and diarrheal symptoms.
- Emetic: Associated with cooked rice or starches left at room temperature for extended periods.
- Diarrheal: Related to consumed meats and pre-cooked meals stored improperly.
- Traveler's Diarrhea: Various enteric bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella) cause digestive tract disturbances (loose stools, cramps). Usually mild.
- Escherichia coli 0157-H7: Bloody diarrhea (hallmark symptom). Produces shiga toxin that damages intestines and causes systemic issues.
Helicobacter pylori
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Causative agent of stomach ulcers and cancer:
- Helicobacter pylori (neutralizes stomach acid)
- Invades stomach lining: The bacteria invade the mucus and attach to gastric epithelial cells.
- Toxins, inflammation, and thinning of mucus layer: Its toxins and inflammation cause the layer of mucus to thin down.
- Gastric acid damage: Gastric acid then destroys the epithelial cells and underlying tissue.
Infectious Diseases Affecting Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems
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Septicemia: Bacteria or viruses actively multiply in the blood.
- Common cause: MRSA
- Symptoms include fever, altered mental state, shaking, chills, gastrointestinal issues, increased respiration rate with respiratory alkalosis, and low blood pressure.
- 10% are due to fungal infections
Lyme Disease
- Borrelia burgdorferi: Gram-negative spirochete transmitted by ticks.
- Symptoms: Fever, headache, fatigue, and characteristic skin rash (erythema migrans).
Chagas Disease
- Trypanosoma cruzi: Protozoan transmitted by kissing bugs (Triatoma).
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Symptoms: Swelling at infection site, fever, fatigue, malaise, body aches, headache, and loss of appetite.
- Long-term complications: Fatal congestive heart failure (10–20 years after initial infection).
HIV Infection and AIDS
- Signs and Symptoms: Spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms associated with the virus, directly tied to virus levels in blood and T-cell levels. Initial symptoms include fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, neurological changes, and opportunistic infections/cancers.
- Causative Agent: HIV, a retrovirus in the Lentivirus genus, capable of altering host DNA.
Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System
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Influenza:
- Caused by Influenza A, B, and C viruses (Orthomyxoviridae).
- Structure: Lipoprotein envelope, glycoprotein spikes (hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)).
- Genetic material: 10 genes on 8 RNA strands (ssRNA genome).
- Pathogenesis Factors: Virus binds ciliated respiratory cells, causing severe inflammation (cytokine storm). Hemagglutinin (H) binds to host cell receptors, neuraminidase (N) breaks down mucous, assisting in virus budding/release. 2009 H1N1 swine flu: Efficient binding to respiratory tract, resulting in a severe cytokine storm, and many patients experienced complications beyond just the flu.
Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System
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Tuberculosis:
- Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Leading cause of death worldwide (declining in industrialized countries), with initial symptoms including mild cough and fever often remaining undiagnosed.
- Pathogens and virulence factors: Presence of mycolic acid (unique bacterial features), slow growth, protective against macrophage lysis, and intracellular growth; resistance to antimicrobial drugs.
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Small bacterium lacking a cell wall, causative agent of "walking pneumonia". Characterized by its resistant nature to the immune system due to its similarities to host cell components.
Infectious Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary System
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Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs):
- Causative agents: 95% of UTIs are caused by normal gastrointestinal tract biota, notably Escherichia coli (80% of UTIs). Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterococcus are other common causes.
- Distinguish between UTIs acquired in healthcare facilities (CA-UTIs) and those acquired outside.
Syphilis
- Causative agent: Treponema pallidum, a spirochete (thin, regularly coiled bacterium) with a gram-negative cell wall. Strict parasite, requiring host cells for cultivation.
- Stages: Primary, secondary (highly transmissible), tertiary syphilis, and latency periods of varying lengths. Early syphilis is relatively transmissible. Tertiary and late latent periods are less so.
Additional Information
- Match the animal association with the disease: (This section requires the reference material to complete, as it's a matching exercise; complete answers cannot be generated without the original matching questions.)
- Match the disease/organism with the organism type: (Requires original prompt for answers)
- Match the disease with its description: (Needs the reference material)
- Match the disease with the sign or symptom description: (Needs the reference material)
- Match the sign/symptom with the disease: (Needs the reference material)
- Match the disease with how it is spread: (Needs the reference material)
- Match the disease with the description of the type of person mostly likely to get the disease: (Needs the reference material)
- Some terms: Definitions of various medical terms related to infections.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various medical conditions and their symptoms. This quiz covers diseases such as mumps, E.coli infections, and syphilis, focusing on key characteristics and transmission methods. Perfect for students in health sciences or anyone interested in medicine.
